The XVIII century was the period of transformation of the Moscow state into the Russian Empire. At the same time, there was a reorganization of the supreme central and local government apparatuses; the personnel structure of orders, called collegiate chancelleries, changed, which increased the influence of their employees on document management. For the first time in Russia, there was a legislative consolidation of office management standards. The Government has firmly and consistently insisted on the submission of written forms and has banned oral ("verbal") decrees. References to legislation have become mandatory in case reports.

The combination of collective and personal responsibility required uniformity in the conduct of cases themselves, in the form of their presentation, and in the names of documents. Increased control over the work of management bodies forced them to strictly record their activities, as a result of which there were Lengthy and Concise protocols, Everyday notes outlining the content of current affairs.

"The language of the Petrine era is characterized by an increase in the importance of the official-governmental, clerical language, and the expansion of its sphere of influence. The process of reorganizing the administrative system... It was accompanied by the introduction of new terminology, the invasion of the flow of words coming from Western European languages. The "Europeanization" of the Russian language bore a pronounced imprint of the governmental regime" (Vinogradov V. V. Essays on the history of the Russian Literary Language, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1938).

These redesign processes have had a major impact on management, the document system as a whole, as well as on their naming and ordering.

Firm naming of the document was necessary to restore order in fact, as well as to protect the document from the moment of its "entry" into the board and until its "completion". Clarity and definiteness of the document's name were also important for its registration and submission to the archive.

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Collegiate records management gave rise to the Swedish model of the General Regulations (1720), formulated a system of standards for documenting the activities of colleges. He also defined instructions on office management in special instructions and in the document "Instructions or instructions to voivodes".

Under the new rules, some documents were required to be drawn up according to general forms (this new concept was explained by the usual "model letters"). Moreover, detailed schemes of individual documents, such as the General Report, were proposed. Both" higher and lower ranks " were threatened with punishment for violating the rules of documentation, for incorrect compilation of documents, and for distorting their meaning. Fear of punishment made us pay closer attention to both the structure of the document and its exact name.

Peter I himself set an example of attentive attitude to the document. His personal editing of the General Regulations was aimed at brevity and accuracy of wording, consistency of presentation. At the initiative of Peter I, the search for the most perfect forms of legislative acts was conducted (for example, the General Regulations underwent thirteen revisions). All this led to the persistence of the canons of the General Regulations, and the tradition of their application in subsequent times (up to the XX century - that is, until 1917).

The main reason for the innovations introduced by the General Regulations is the control over the execution of the case reflected in the document. This was done, in particular, by two Murals: one included cases to be considered by the collegium, primarily the Decrees of the tsar and the Decrees of the Senate. Another Mural listed completed cases. Obviously, the need to separate these Murals led to a clarification of their names. The first of them received a foreign name of the Register with the definition of the List, which specified the specific sign of the list of cases scheduled for hearing and their sequence for consideration. This mural was placed on the table in front of the president of the college. The internal form of the definition is quite transparent, but its substantive meaning soon faded into the background, and the phrase Desktop Register itself turned into a conditional sign to indicate a certain order of holding a meeting and the sequence of cases scheduled for hearing. A copy of the Desktop Registry was posted for general information.

The previous title of this document, Everyday Note, was not clear enough semantically. It could mean the actual action, the process, and the result of this action in the form of a completed document. Therefore, a new terminology phrase Desktop Registry has appeared.

By recording the same case or document in different Books and Registers, double control over the receipt of the document was achieved.-

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judgment of the essence of the case stated in it, the decision on it and the execution of the decision taken. It turned out to be a kind of" double bookkeeping", because accounting for the same case or document was carried out in two different books. Such operations certainly required not just uniformity (with synonymous variants, as was still the case in the XVII century), but complete identity of meaning and name in each individual document.

According to the new rules of hearing cases (now - at a board meeting), it was required to document the discussion of the issue by a notary, and it was mandatory for him to keep a Protocol-lengthy or brief, depending on the importance of the case. The Minutes must list the Decrees, Reports, Memorials, Letters and other documents received by the board on the issue under discussion, stating their content or direct extracts from them. The names of documents on" completed "(resolved) cases in the collegium and" released " (determined, assigned to execution) cases were also carefully listed.

Opinions could be included in the Minutes in separate paragraphs - "opinions of persons who do not coincide with the opinion of the majority of the members of the board"; if necessary, the Opinion was drawn up (as previous Extracts). a separate document.

The innovations of the Petrovsky chancellery thus had either foreign-language (Protocol) or Russian (Opinion) names, but there were noticeably more foreign-language ones.

Not all of the loanwords penetrated into business speech under the influence of the General Regulations, some of them appeared earlier and, as it were, prepared the ground for the rapid introduction of a wide range of loanwords into business speech through the Regulations.

So, since 1688, the word Passport has been used in the sense of " certificate to a certain person for the right of free passage and transportation of things." Since 1700, the word Report Card appears in clerical practice, meaning information written in columns, accounting and (or) calculation table. Since 1703, for the first time we meet the word "Relation", which was used as a report, report, news from a lower institution or person to a higher authority.

In 1706, the word Instruction appeared - " prescriptions, rules establishing the procedure and method of carrying out a certain business." In the same year, for the first time there was a borrowing of Memoria instead of the usual clerical Memory. It appears in the meaning of "a note sent from a lower place to a higher one and containing an extract from journals about cases heard and resolved" (this is how the Academic Dictionary of 1847 defined the meaning of this word). Both words: Instructions and Memoria-were subsequently introduced into business circulation by the General Regulations as mandatory.

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Since 1708, we note the use of the word Document in the general sense of a business paper that serves as proof of something; in the same year, the word Copy appears in clerical practice in the sense of an unofficial list of documents that serve to inform about the content of the document itself. Another term of the Peter's chancellery was the word Duplicate (since 1710) in the sense of "a second copy of a document that has the same legal force as the original".

Since 1712, the word Extract appears. The abundance of cases and the need to make quick and accurate decisions on them required a concise presentation of the main content of the case, document or letter - this is exactly the function of the text with this new name. Not the actual paperwork, but the interests of the case required the introduction of the Protocols already mentioned. In the Protocol, each person's opinions were sealed with his signature; the Protocol was the basis for all subsequent decisions and actions.

The accounting document from 1713 was a Receipt as a written certificate of receipt of money and property.

However, the main group of borrowings in the names of documents comes through the General Regulations. At the end of the text of the Regulations, a small dictionary of the most necessary explanations of new foreign words is given. From the names of documents, these are: Diplomas interpreted as "Letters of merit", Documents - "Letters of evidence", Instructions - "Instructions", Receipt - "Receipt", Memorials - "Reports", Patent - "Certificate of merit for rank", Resolution - "Petition for one thing to another", Report - Vedomosti.

In the text of the General Regulations itself, some of the foreign-language names of documents were explained in parentheses by the usual Russian ones: Journal - "Everyday Note", Registry - "Notebook", Land Maps - "Drawings", Alphabetical Register - "Table of Contents".

The adoption of the General Regulations contributed to the unification of documents of one genre, the elimination of the personal element in the practice of their compilation, abolished the old types and varieties of documents and introduced others corresponding to the new type of offices of central and local authorities. In the vast majority of cases, this was reduced to changing the name of the document, because most genres remained the same in their inner essence. The tradition of naming documents that had developed in the clerical department was abruptly interrupted.

Thus, significant transformations of this system in the Petrine era and the plentiful replenishment of the business language (first of all, the document) with foreign words led to the temporary exclusion of some native Russian and Church Slavonic words. Among them were also accounting documents. In pre-Petrine offices -

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orders, voivodeship huts kept Notebooks: parish, rent, serf, regimental (received prisoners), cross-drive official and others. Since 1684, special books for recording documents have appeared: The Book of certificates, the Book of vacation certificates. The focus on the German-Scandinavian system of strict accounting and control led to the appearance of books in the offices for accounting and systematization of all documents. They were called Registers and had four varieties, designated by the Latin letters A, B, C, D. The first two were for outgoing, the second two - for incoming business papers.

The number of borrowings from foreign languages for naming documents (often together with documents taken from foreign practice) was really large. However, along with borrowing, the tradition of using the native Russian document with its "natural" names continued and was updated. So, Izvestiya replaced the previous Reports and Appearances (the first natural document with this name dates back to 1722). This document did not acquire any varieties, but it was used more and more often from year to year. Also of Russian origin are the names Typeface, Sentence, and Decree. The last of the document titles was prepared by oral use of the previous period. The first mention of this concept is found in 1598.

The trend of the XVIII century is the acquisition of nouns-names of genres with more unified meanings - generalized or abstract. This unification is accompanied by a loss or weakening of the regularity of the use of words with suffixes of previously common values of abstract quality, property, attribute (for the suffix-state) and the value of abstract procedure (for the suffix-awst).: Statement, Power of Attorney, Power of Attorney. This is correlated with the phenomena in the general literary language of the XVIII century, which proves the great closeness of the business language of this period to the general literary language: "A series of neologisms united by a common word-forming formant (...) they specialize in expressing specific, typed values. Thus, new words have an impact on the entire semantic structure of the word-forming type that they belong to (...) The most common meaning of nouns is the name of various actions and states" (Maltseva I. M., Molotkov A. I., Petrova Z. M. Lexical neoplasms in the Russian language of the XVIII century L., 1975).

The lexical structure of names is being expanded with a new word production database. This is especially evident in the categories of new formations united by a common word-forming formants, among which the most productive are-en, - en. Estest-

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In particular, these affixes implemented new content characteristics of documents through new naming of the new structure.

Names with such suffixes (of the same meaning) have been found before, but much less regularly. They are easy to list: this is Finishing, Kissing, Laying Down. In the Petrine era, however, there is an Appeal, an Order, an Objection, an Instruction, an Explanation, a Refutation, a Resolution, a Proposal, A Presentation, A Reasoning, a Decision, a Message, a Notification, an Establishment, an Institution-all with the meanings of a document or business text itself.

Throughout the XVIII century, special documentation systems were further (actively and variously) spread. Diplomatic documentation has become more complex, and the international norm has increasingly influenced the form and lexical structure of Russian diplomatic documents. The composition of contractual documentation expanded: Treatises, Conventions, Protocols, and Instruments appeared, and the last of the words was interpreted by the Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences not only as "tool", but also as "method, means" -a meaning that arose on the basis of a different interpretation: "any thing that serves as a way to do". The Board of Foreign Affairs communicated with foreign governments through Notes, Memoirs, and Memoranda. Communication between Russian diplomatic representatives and their government was also officially supported by documents with new (foreign) names: Relations and Dispatches. It is significant that private letters for secret communications were called in Slavic: Special letters or Tsidulki.

It is known that the General Regulations regulated the relations between the ranks in society, the supreme power and subordinates, and this was also reflected in the military documentation. Documents that supported communication between the Emperor and military leaders were called Rescripts and Relations, and orders to subordinate persons were called Orders and Prescriptions. Reports of subordinates were called Reports and Dispatches.

In the 18th century, the number of metonymically abbreviated document names significantly decreased. They are retained mainly in relation to the designation of property relations (ownership of land, people, and certain real estate).: Deductible, Given, Mortgage, Bill of Sale, Vacation, Mortgage Payment. There are only two words outside of this group: Podorozhnaya and Petitioning, however, already in the early 20s, Petitioning is replaced by a Petition. The well-known orderliness of the document system functioning process was combined with some disordered language processes, particular deviations from the general development patterns.

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