Libmonster ID: VN-1443

UDC 903.2

S. P. Nesterov 1, I. A. Durakov 2, O. A. Shelomikhin 3

1 Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: nesterov@archaeology.nsc.ru

2 Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University

28 Vilyuiskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630126, Russia

E-mail: idurakov@yandex.ru

3 Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University

104 Lenin St., Blagoveshchensk, 675000, Russia

E-mail: istfil@bgpu.ru

EARLY COMPLEX OF THE URIL CULTURE FROM THE BUKA KEY ON THE BUREYA RIVER*

The article analyzes the early materials of the Ural culture from the multi-layered monument Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 on the Bureya River. The most significant artifacts in this complex should be considered an iron rod and a bronze lapel plaque-a stripe of the Karasuk appearance. Judging by the composition of stone tools, human economic activity at the Early Ural site was associated with hunting and fishing. A large number of flakes and chips, the presence of nuclei, chippers, anvils indicate the manufacture of the necessary stone tools directly at the site of the parking lot. The complex of signs of human economic activity on Bukinskoe Klyuch-1, the lack of housing structures, the haphazard arrangement of bonfires indicate that, most likely, it was a seasonal hunting and fishing camp of irregular visits. The presence in one complex of the Uril culture, which replaced the Late Neolithic Osinoozersk culture in the Western Amur region, of bronze and iron objects that may be replicas of Karasuk products; local iron production; new radiocarbon dates that allow us to speak about the origin of the Uril culture in the XII century BC. However, there is no reason to single out the Bronze Age as a separate chronological stage in the archaeological periodization of the Amur Region's antiquities, at least in its western part. Here, apparently, bronze and iron began to be used simultaneously by the population at the very end of the II-beginning of the I millennium BC.

Introduction

The location of the monument was shown in 1987 by a resident of s. Bakhireva A.V. Djurikom**, who drew attention to "deep ditches" on both sides of the site, running perpendicular to the channel of the Storm, and deep holes in the space between them. The Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 monument is located on the right bank of the Burei River, 11 km upstream from the village. 1). The section of high floodplain in this place (4-7 m above the water cut during the low-water period) is bounded from the north and south by two dry watercourses perpendicular to the riverbed (taken by the informant for deep ditches). The hollows in the back of the terrace turned out to be the remains of an old apiary. An excavation site is located 70 m to the south of this monument.-

* The work was carried out within the framework of the program of fundamental research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and man-made transformations" (project "Adaptation processes in the population of the western part of the Amur basin during the Holocene").

** Alexander Viktorovich Djurik, who served as a gamekeeper in the Zhelundinsky Reserve, tragically died in the spring of 2006 on the Bureya River.

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Fig. 1. Location of the Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 monument (1); view of the right bank of the Bureya River from the east (2) (the arrow indicates the location of the ancient site); view of the excavation site from the south (3).

The site of Bukinskiy Klyuch-2 was discovered in 1988 [Drevnosti Burei, 2000, p. 132].

The total area occupied by the Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 monument is 600-700 m2. As a result of studies conducted in 1997, 1999 and 2001, 372 m2 of terrace adjacent to the southern watercourse was uncovered (Fig.

On the excavated part of the site, the natural strata of the terrace are disturbed by numerous washings, washings of the dredge from the rear seam and anthropogenic impact (the construction of three pits for early medieval dwellings of the Mikhailovsky culture). The generalized stratigraphic column of the terrace at the site of the monument's dislocation contains the following strata (Figs. 3, 4): layer 1-sod, which in some places has a sub-core interlayer (1.1), in which individual artifacts were found; layer 2 - alluvial sand formed as a result of a catastrophic flood (probably in the first half of the XI century AD [Ibid., p. 191]); layer 3-sandy loam consisting of three interlayers (3.1, 3.2, 3.3), which contain archaeological material: 3.1 - Early medieval Mikhailovskaya culture, 3.2, which is a contact layer between layers 3.1 and 3.3, - Uril, Talakan and Mikhailovskaya cultures, 3.3-Urilskaya; layer 4-sterile alluvial sand; layer 5-sandy loam, divided by color into two layers (5.1 and 5.2), of which only in the upper (5.1)layer urilskaya artefacts discovered

2. Excavation plan for the Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 monument.

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3. A fragment of a brow along the D-line and a cluster of ceramics near it.

4. Fragment of the excavation wall along the line P and fire pit 1.

5. Urilskoe bonfire 3 and finds around it.

cultures. Below, layers of sand and buried soil alternate, containing no archaeological material. In the northern part of the site, the surface of layer 6 is very uneven and resembles a hummock.

Only bonfires and two minor fragments of charred wood were found in layer 5.1 on the studied part of the terrace (see Fig. 2).

Fire pit 1 was found in the western part of the site in the form of a prokalayarko-brick color (Fig. 4). It had a width of 0.45 and a length of 0.7 m. The fire pit was built in a natural saucer-shaped depression. Two levels of puncturing were traced, separated by a layer (2 - 3 cm) of yellow sand. Two fragments of birch bark were found on the surface of the lower level, two shards of red clay ceramics with a gloss and two flakes were found in the filling; on the surface of the late period of operation of the fire pit, a stone scraper, several fragments of ceramics without ornaments and one large potsherd were found. The fire pit is partially covered by a thin layer of coarse-grained sand and gravel.

The fire pit 2 had a podoval form in plan (approximately 0.6 x 1.1 m), elongated along the north-south line. It is possible that it is associated with a large concentration of flakes and fragments of ceramics in this place.

Fire pit 3 was oval in plan (0.5 x 0.9 m), elongated along the north-west-south-east line. On the eastern side, a bright red puncture adjoined it. Two stone arrowheads, pieces of birch bark, fragments of pottery, a stone scraper, and small calcified bones were found on the surface of the fire pit. Embers, calcified bones, and fragments of ceramics from the Uril culture were found in the filling. Around the fire pit, there is a concentration of finds, mainly flakes and small ceramic sherds (Fig. 5).

The fire pit 4 was oval in plan (0.4 x 1.25 m). Small burnt and unburned bones (including tubular ones), two fragments of ceramics, and flakes were found in its filling. One shard is decorated with a waffle ornament.

Fire pit 5 in the form of a puncture of oval shape (0.5 x 0.8 m) was found in the northern part of the excavation. A flake, a fragment of pottery and possibly a stone tool were found near it.

Stone artifacts

The tool complex from interlayer 5.1 is represented by stone scrapers (20 copies), knives (3 copies), arrowheads (6 copies), punctures (2 copies) (Figs. 6, 8), nuclei (5 copies), hollows (2 copies) in the form of flattened pebbles, a stone retoucher, a slate hoe, a pebble-sinker (Fig. 7, 1), three fragments-

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6. Stone tools of the Uril culture. 1-3, 9-scrapers; 4-7-arrowheads; 8-piercing.

use abrasive tiles and a pebble chopper. Flakes and chips were scattered singly throughout its thickness, occasionally forming clusters. Debiting products are represented by siliceous rocks, chalcedony, and quartz. One of the flakes was obsidian. Polished tools were not found here, as in the later layer 3.3, in contrast to the Uril layer on the Sukhye Protoki-2 monument [Ibid., p. 81].

Stone scrapers are made of flakes and chips of a sub-triangular shape in terms of shape. More often, the working blade served as a suitable flake edge for these purposes, less often the blades were designed using retouching (see Fig. 6, 1 - 3, 9). Flakes were also used as knives. This category of artefacts is only highlighted in the traceological analysis*. Among them, small knives were identified that were used for direct consumption of meat during meals.

Arrowheads are small in size and have an elongated triangular shape in plan. The preform was retouched in three directions: from the sides and from the base. As a result, an edge was formed in the middle. The base of the tips is straight and pointed, which suggests that it can be used as a cutting edge. Most of the tips have a broken tip, and one has a broken base (see Figs. 6, 4-7).

All nuclei from this layer are amorphous. The site for removing flakes was not specially prepared. River pebbles were cut so that the desired shape was chipped. In some cases, removals were made along the circumference of the pebble from the edges to the center.

The hoe with a dedicated handle is made of red-brown slate tiles (length 13 cm; width of the working part 6,8 cm, handle-5,4; thickness 1,3-1,7 cm). The sharpened working blade is formed by two chips (see Fig. 7, 2)

The pebble chopper lay in an ancient wash between the pits of medieval dwellings 1 and 2. The tool has a natural L-shaped plan (Fig. 8). The total length is 18 cm, the thickness is 4.5-5.5 cm. Length " ru-

7. A sinker pebble (7) and a hoe (2) from the interlayer 5.1.

Fig. 8. Pebble chopper from the interlayer 5.1.

Fig. 9. Product made of jasper from interlayer 5.1.

* The authors thank P. V. Volkov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, for the tracerological determinations performed.

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10. Fragments of ceramics of the Uril culture.

koyati " 7.5 cm, width 6.5 cm; chopping part-respectively 11.5 and 10.5 cm. The blade of the gun is decorated with three large chips on one side, and two on the other. On its edge, you can see traces of harmony in the form of zaloschennosti. Three fragments of Uril ceramics were found near the woodcutter.

The jewelry includes a blue stone bead (fragment) and a pendant with a biconic hole (diameter 1 mm), made of a jasper chip (16.3 x 38.5 x 3 mm) and polished. It is possible that the latter could be used as a spinner (Fig. 9).

Ceramics

Ceramic material from interlayer 5.1 is mainly represented by fragments, including those decorated with various carved lines (Figs. 10, 2, 3), and notched spatula combs (Figs. 10, 4, 18). Above and near bonfire 3, shards of a rather large vessel were found, with the body decorated with rows of horseshoe-shaped impressions, and the corolla with the same impressions and nail prints (Figs. 11, 7). To the south of bonfire 1, a fragment of a vessel without an ornament was found (see Figs.10, 20). Its corolla is strongly bent outwards, the wall thickness is 5 mm. A cluster of large fragments of a thick-walled vessel without ornaments was found in the eastern part of the site. Similar fragments are found in layer 5.1 over the entire excavation area (see Fig. 10, 5, 16; 12, 2). Among the pottery shards, there are fragments of pottery painted red (see Fig. 10, 13); parts of vessels with a roller on the corolla (see fig. 10, 10, 12, 17, 19, 21) and a vessel whose neck and corolla are decorated with short (up to 1.5 cm) vertical notches (see Fig. 10, 14). Fragments of the latter were also found in interlayers 3.3 and 3.1.

11. Ceramic fragments with a horseshoe-shaped ornament from the interlayer 5.1.

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12. Ceramic fragments (1-4), reconstruction of a miniature vessel (5), and an iron rod (b) from interlayer 5.1.

13. A vessel with a waffle ornament.

An example of the distribution of a broken ceramic pot on the terrace is shown by fragments of one Uril vessel, found in both layer 5.1 and layer 3.3. At this point of the site, two horizons merge: it is possible that there was a hillock (a large hummock) on the ancient surface corresponding to layer 5. Two more fragments of the same vessel were found in the wash pit 1 and at the level of interlayer 3.1. From fragments of ceramics found in different parts of the excavation, an elongated pot-shaped vessel was assembled (height 23.6 cm; corolla diameter 18.5 cm, body - 17, bottom - 7.5 cm; wall thickness 5 - 6 mm), decorated with the entire area is covered with a waffle pattern, half-covered in some places (Fig. 13). On the body and neck there are rarely pairs of vertical short riveted ribbons (0.6 x 1 cm), dissected by the scapula. On the inside of the corolla there is a deposit. The vessel is assigned to interlayer 5.1, because it was in it that its bottom was found, and in this place interlayers 3.3 and 5.1 are clearly separated by the sand thickness of layer 4.

A large fragment of the Urila vessel, the corolla, the neck with a roller and part of the body of which are covered with waffle ornaments, was located next to a fragment of charred wood in the northern part of the site.

Five small potsherds of a miniature vessel were also found. It was formed on the basis of a bottom filling in the form of a flat cake and several bundles joined together. The bottom is attached to the first lower harness from the inside. The corolla is formed from a tourniquet attached to the neck also from the inside. A graphic reconstruction of the vessel suggests its pot - shaped shape of a closed type, possibly with an understated equator (in the lower third), and a height of approx. 6 cm, a flat bottom (diameter 3.8 cm), a dedicated neck (diameter 4 cm) and a corolla slightly bent outwards (diameter 4.6 cm). The largest diameter of the preserved body part is 6.6 cm (see Figs. 12, 5).

Metal products

Metal products are very important finds in the Urilsk layer 5.1. The most significant artifact is an iron rod 23 mm long, 3 mm wide, and triangular in cross-section (see Fig. It is possible that this is a fragment of a fish hook.

At the edge of pit 3, a bronze paw-shaped plaque (5.75 cm long, 2.9 cm wide at the largest) was found with two small holes in the upper part. It is a slightly convex sub-triangular plate with a base cut into three parts and a small disc-shaped finial. The front surface is decorated with a relief in the form of a grid consisting of lines converging to the top, crossed by several parallel horizontal rollers arranged in six rows (Fig. 14, 1) [Nesterov, Alkin, Bogdanov, 1997, p. 260, Fig. 2, 1]. A. I. Mazin sees a bird in the form of a plaque, sitting "with her back to the viewer". In his opinion, the top of the plaque was covered with gold, preserved only in the recesses of the ornament and on the reverse side [Mazin,

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2003, p. 195]. Moreover, A. I. Mazin assumes the presence of a certain sign system in the ornament, which he interprets as a calendar, where the solar-lunar year is calculated and contains information about the traditional economic year of the Uril culture carriers, which is close to that of reindeer herders-hunters and hunters [Ibid., pp. 198, 201, 204].

When examining the plaque on its surface, traces of manufacturing and use were found. The characteristic blurring of the terrain indicates that we are dealing with a copy.

On the reverse side, in the upper third of the plaque, the remains of a broken loop were preserved (Fig. 14, 2, 1).

The impression of the mold wall structure on the surface of the broken parts indicates that the product was already cast with a damaged loop and its remains were transferred to the casting from the model during molding. The original appearance of the loop is reconstructed in the form of a strip protruding from the surface by 1 - 1.2 mm, overlapping a small oval depression. On both sides of the remnants of the loop, two round holes with a diameter of 2.4 - 2.5 mm can be traced. They partially intersect the recess of the loop on the reverse side of the casting (Fig. 14, 2, I: C) and break the relief lines on the front surface, clearly violating its original composition. All this indicates a later appearance of holes. Apparently, they are

14. A bronze plaque with the Bureya River (1), its details (2), and reconstruction of the stages of its creation using a plastic model (3).

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they were made to replace the loop after it was lost. Since there are foundry seams on the inner walls of the holes, we can confidently say that the plaque that served as a model was repaired, and not the cast-copy (Fig. 14, 2, I: D).

The failure of the loop, apparently, is not accidental and is due to its design and material. The main load when using the plaque falls on the thinnest area, the thickness of which does not exceed 1 mm. In addition, if the alloy composition revealed during the study of the plaque was typical for products of this kind*, then it could also be the cause of frequent breakage of parts subjected to mechanical stress. The degree of alloying of the alloy here is very high, as a result, the bronze turned out to be as brittle as possible [Kropivnitsky, 1973, p. 182]. Apparently, the unreliability of the loop and the use of fragile material prompted the master to completely abandon this method of fastening when copying jewelry. The presence of the loop on the original, and then, after its loss, two holes in the same place, as well as the traces of scuffing from the lace characteristic of sewing, and not hanging, indicate that the plaque was sewn on some basis, and was not worn as a suspension. Otherwise, it would be more logical to see a hole in its disc-shaped pommel.

From all of the above, it can be concluded that an old product with a broken loop, which was badly worn during long-term use, was used as a model in the manufacture of the plaque. As a result, all traces of wear, damage and repair of the model were transferred to the casting. The traces are layered on top of each other, and this peculiar "stratigraphy" can be used to reconstruct the history of making the "first generation" plaque, which served as a molding model. The mold for casting was made according to a plastic, most likely wax, model (Fig. 14, 3). The manufacturing process is restored as follows. Initially, a blank of the future model was formed from wax, which conveys the general contour of the product (Fig. 14, 3, a). Then a relief in the form of a grid of thinly rolled (1 - 1.5 mm) bundles was applied to its front surface (Fig. 14, 3, b, c). Signs of making a relief by modeling are differences in the thickness of its lines due to the narrowing of the bundle to the ends when rolling out and flattening when it is attached to the surface of the model. In addition, the height of the relief at the intersections of the ornament rollers always increases due to their overlapping (Figs. 14, 2, II, III: A). Initially, transverse bundles were attached to the surface of the model, then vertical ones, since they overlap the horizontal ones at the intersection points (Figs. 14, 2, III: A). Last of all, apparently after the completion of the main composition, a short transverse roller of the top of the plaque appears (Fig. 14, 3, d): it is superimposed both on the vertical stripes and on the edging of the edge of the plaque (Fig. 14, 2, II: A).

After applying the relief to give the future suspension a paw-shaped shape, two triangular cutouts were made at the base of its model (base width 2 mm, depth 8 mm). At the same time, the edges of the vertical rollers were cut and crumpled, and the transverse ones were torn so that only the very end of the bundle passed to the other side of the section (Fig. 14, 2, IV: B, 3, d). Thus, the sections dissect the relief, not agreeing with its pattern, which indicates a later one their appearance. Such defects are not possible when applying the relief after the complete registration of the base of the plaque.

On the front surface, there is a partial erosion of the relief, which is explained by the washing away of part of the mold by the metal flow due to insufficient strength of the molding mixture [Atlas..., 1957, p.56].

The structural analysis of the plaque does not indicate that it served as a calendar. A pair of holes on it, which, according to A. I. Mazin, have the meaning of "a limiter for further increasing counting units" [2003, p.196], are not original, and their appearance led to a violation of the ornament, the elements of which are interpreted as counting units of the "calendar". Triangular cutouts in the base are also made with the destruction of the relief pattern even at the matrix stage.

A similar decoration is known from materials from the settlement on Urilsky Island. It clearly shows two through holes, as on the Bukin copy. The absence of triangular cutouts is probably due to the poorer preservation: the plaque length is 7 mm shorter, which corresponds to the size of the cutout [Derevyanko, 1973, p. 288, Table XV, 8]. It is possible that both products were cast from the same sample. The general shape indicates that the Uril population is familiar with art metal

* Chemical analysis of the plaque was performed by the express method in the State Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg. The authors thank S. V. Khavrin for his research. The chemical composition of the metal includes additives: tin-25-30%, lead-8-12, arsenic - < 1, silver - < 1, antimony - < 0.6%. With such alloying, the product becomes dark gray or white in color and resembles silver [Magnitsky and Pirainen, 1996, p. 66, Table 2.19]. Due to the large number of low-melting alloying components, the casting qualities of the alloy are significantly improved, the fluidity increases, and the melting point decreases to 800°. However, the mechanical properties of the casting deteriorate. The product turns out to be very fragile, because when the tin content is 27-28%, this indicator reaches its maximum value [Selimkhanov, 1970, p. 62].

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Fig. 15. Metal products with monuments

Dry Channels-2 on the Bureya River (1-6) and Ust - Ulma (7) (according to Derevyanko and Zenin, 1995, p. 97, Fig. 5, 1).

1-an iron knife; 2-4 - fragments of a Celt made of white cast iron; 5-a fragment of a bronze knife; 6-a bronze plaque-piercing; 7-a bronze knife.

the Karasuk culture, where lap pendants were widely distributed [Novgorodova, 1970, p. 145; Chlenova, 1972, p.202].

The beginning of the paleometallic epoch in the Amur region

The available radiocarbon dates for layer 5 on the Bureya River allow us to attribute the formation of layer 5.1 on the Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 monument to the period between 2900-2200 BC (4050 ± 120 BP, SOAN-3735). Data on layer 5 in the area of Dry Channels (10 km up the Bureya River from Buka Klyuch) evidence suggests that it has not been interrupted for 1200 years (3,100 ± 40 BP, LE-2260). In the XII - XI centuries BC, a catastrophic flood occurred on the Bureya River, as a result of which layer 5 was buried under a layer of alluvial sand (layer 4) [Drevnosti Burei, 2000, pp. 190-191]. Thus, the artefacts preserved in layer 5.1 on the Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 monument (layer 5 on Dry Channels-2 did not contain cultural remains) can be attributed to the early complex of the Uril culture.

In the Amur region, there are two foci where early bronze products were found. On the lower Amur (Eastern Amur region), bronze objects were found on the lake. Evoron (a fishing hook, a piece of knife and a two-bladed arrowhead with a nozzle). The ceramics of the Evoron complex stand out for their roughness, carelessness of workmanship, and different ornaments from the Neolithic ones. The shards are covered with square, rounded or oval indentations and occasionally indistinct impressions of a combed stamp. A whole series of settlements with similar ceramics was found on the Evura River, which flows into the lake. Evoron. At the same time, round-bottomed dishes decorated with adhesive rollers, oblique incisions, nail and rounded indentations were found on the Sargol settlement together with a small bronze knife (Derevyanko, 1969, p.98). Traditionally, Neolithic and later ceramics on the Lower Amur are represented by flat-bottomed vessels. All these monuments were united by A. P. Okladnikov and A. P. Derevyanko in the Evoron culture of the Bronze Age. Researchers have noted the connection of its carriers with the Glazkov culture of the tribes of the taiga regions of Eastern Siberia (Okladnikov and Derevyanko, 1973, pp. 200-203). At the same time, the Khabarovsk Museum houses three bronze items: a spearhead with a wide leaf-shaped feather and a vtul-shaped nozzle, which looks like the spearheads of the Seimin and Yin types, and two very narrow celts, which are purely Far Eastern tools in shape.

In the Western Amur region, at the settlement at the mouth of the Ango River at its confluence with the Zeya River, a bronze plaque in the form of two circles connected by a narrow intercept was found in one layer together with knife-shaped plates and flakes. At another settlement on the river. A. P. Okladnikov and A. P. Derevyanko date these bronze finds to the Yin-Karasuk epoch, or the time around the XV-X centuries BC [Ibid., pp. 203, 206].

The latest data on early metal products in the Western Amur region are related to studies on the Selemdzha and Bureya rivers. A bronze knife was found in the first cultural layer of the Paleolithic monument of Ust-Ulm I. 15, 7). One side of the knife is flat, the other is slightly convex with a stiffening edge in the middle (Derevyanko and Zenin, 1995, pp. 5-6). Several bronze and iron objects were found in the cultural layer of the Uril period at the Sukhye Protoki-2 site. One of the two bronze objects is a fragment of a knife blade with a sharp cutting edge. Slightly above the sharpening line, an ornament in the form of five small depressions is applied on one side of the blade (Fig. 15, 5). Another bronze object is a lobed plaque - piercing. It consists of two barrel-shaped convex plaques connected together, with wide cutouts made on the outside of them, and paired rectangular holes at the intercept site (Figs. 15, 6).

There are no direct analogs of the find from Sukhoi Protok-2 on the monuments of the Amur region and adjacent regions, but similar bronze plaques, pendants and clips are widely used in many areas of Central and Eastern Asia in the second half of the II-first half of the I millennium BC. three -, four-lobed

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permeations separated by small grooves from the Uril settlement of Maxim Gorky (Derevyanko, 1973, p. 187, 331, Tables LVIII, 2, 3). They go back to the Karasuk prototypes, which are a type of lobed products [Chlenova, 1972, p. 188, Tables 18, 17; p. 194, Tables 27, 22; p. 202, Tables 36, 33-40]. Most likely, the permeation from the Bureya collection is a local variety of lobed plaques of the South Siberian type, which is based not on a hemispherical shape, as in classical samples, but on a barrel-shaped shape. Externally, the find from Sukhoi Protok-2 resembles Uril paired barrel-shaped stone beads. According to A. P. Derevyanko, the range of stone beads of this type is small and is limited to the regions of Primorye and the Amur region [1973, p. 123].

Among the iron objects of the early Sukhoi Protok-2 complex, a fragment of an original knife with a one-sided sharpened blade stands out (Fig. 15, 1). It has a plate-shaped handle and a blade located at an angle to it. At the point where the blade passes into the handle, there are shoulders designed in the form of protrusions. The product was made of low-carbon steel (Kramintsev, 1996, p. 126). The knife also has no analogues either in the tool kit of the Uril settlements, or in the materials of other Far Eastern monuments of the Early Iron Age. Externally, it resembles the simplest forms of bronze Karasuk knives of the cranked type (Chlenova, 1972, pp. 171-180, Tables 1-10). Unlike the South Siberian samples, the Bureya knife has not one, but two "spikes"at the junction of the blade and handle. The difference can also be traced in the design of the working part of the tools: the knife from the Dry Channels-2 parking lot has a cutting edge located on the side of the blade that corresponds to the back of the blade in Karasuk knives. Obviously, the Bureya specimen is a kind of imitation, reproducing the shape of the Karasuk bronze models in iron.

The early Sukhoi Protok-2 complex consists of three white cast iron celtic fragments (Kramintsev, 1996, p. 126). It most likely had an elongated trapezoid shape, with the long base of the trapezoid corresponding to the rim, and the short one to the working blade of the nozzle. There is no second "cheek" on the back side of the facade; it is replaced by low sides-edges that have been preserved fragmentally (Figs. 15, 2-4).

Celtic tools are widespread in the south of the Far East already at the initial stage of the early Iron Age. In Primorye, they are found in the tool complexes of settlements on the Peschanoe Peninsula, Malaya Podushechka, and Oleniy A (Layer 1) belonging to the Yankovo culture (Okladnikov, 1963, p. 268, Table 84, Fig. 13; p. 308, Table 125, fig. 8; Andreeva, Zhushchikhovskaya, and Kononenko, 1986, pp. 60-61, 62, Tables 20, 1, 3]. In the Amur region, tools similar to the find from the Sukhye Protoki-2 site are known from the Urilsky Island settlement (Derevyanko 1973, pp. 143-144, 290, Tables XVII, 6, 7). The Celts of the Uril and Yankovsky cultures are close to each other not only in morphological appearance, but also in technique manufacturing: all of them are cast from cast iron in composite forms.

Stratigraphic conditions of the Buka iron artifact in layer 5.1 suggest that it is more ancient than the finds from the Sukhye Protoki-2 site, where the Uril iron objects were located in the upper third of layer 3 and dated to the 14th C. IX-VIII centuries BC. Evidence of metal smelting by the Uril population in the Burei valley is a piece of iron-coated slag found in layer 3.3 on the Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 monument.

Conclusion

The discovery of bronze and iron objects in the Western Amur Region in one complex of the Uril culture, which in this territory replaces the Late Neolithic Osinoozerskaya, which may be replicas of Karasuk objects; local iron production; new radiocarbon dates that allow us to speak about the origin of the Uril culture in the XII century BC, do not yet give grounds for distinguishing the Bronze Age as a separate one. a chronological stage in the archaeological periodization of the Amur region's antiquities, at least in its western part. Here, apparently, bronze and iron began to be used simultaneously by the population at the very end of the II-beginning of the I millennium BC.

The results of analysis of spore-pollen spectra from the Bukinskiy Klyuch-1 site near the Bukinskiy Klyuch-2 monument indicate a strong reduction in the area of coniferous forests during the formation of layer 5 at the end of the Holocene subborial period and their replacement by secondary birch forests. This could be due not only to the increase in the continental climate and the severity of winters, but also to the increased anthropogenic influence of the Uril culture carriers on the natural landscape environment (Drevnosti Burei, 2000, p.55).

Judging by the composition of stone tools, which are dominated by stone and ceramic scrapers (Fig. 16), intended for working with hides, there are hollows for processing leather, arrowheads, human economic activity at the Early Urilka site Bukinskiy Klyuch-1, was associated with hunting and processing of its products. The location of the parking lot on the shore of Burei near the island system at Buka Perekat caused the population to engage in fishing. Found cargo items-

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16. Ceramic scraper on a fragment of Uril ceramics. Bukin Key-1, layer 5.1.

lo, presumably a stone spinner and an iron hook fragment are associated with this activity. A large number of flakes and chips, the presence of nuclei, chippers, anvils indicate the manufacture of the necessary stone tools directly at the site of the parking lot. The monument is characterized by the presence of a significant number of remnants of broken ceramic dishes, especially around bonfires, in the absence of tools related to its production.

The complex of signs of natural and economic human activity on Bukinskoe Klyuch-1, the lack of housing structures, the haphazard arrangement of bonfires indicate that, most likely, it was a temporary seasonal hunting and fishing site of irregular visits.

List of literature

Andreeva Zh. V., Zhushchikhovskaya N. S., Kononenko N. A. Yankovskaya kul'tura [Yankovskaya culture], Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1986, 216 p.

Atlas of foundry defects: Classification, general type defects, defects of castings from gray cast iron. - M.: Center, bureau techn. information, 1957. - Vol. 1. - 194 p.

Derevyanko A. N. Problema bronzovogo veka na Dalnem Vostoke [The problem of the Bronze Age in the Far East]. Izv. Sib. otd. AN SSSR.-1969. - N 6: Ser. obshchestv, nauk, issue 2. - pp. 94-99.

Derevyanko A. P. Early Iron Age of the Amur region. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1973, 356 p. (in Russian)

Derevyanko A. N., Zenin V. N. Paleolithic of Selemdzhi (based on the materials of Ust-Ulm sites I - III). Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAET SB RAS, 1995, 160 p. (in Russian)

Drevnosti Burei [Ancient History of the Storm] / S. P. Nesterov, A.V. Grebenshchikov, S. V. Alkin, D. P. Bolotin, P. V. Volkov, N. A. Kononenko, Ya. V. Kuzmin, L. N. Mylnikova, A.V. Tabarev, A.V. Chernyuk; ed. by E. I. Derevyanko. Novosibirsk, IAET SB RAS Publ., 2000, 352 p. (in Russian)

Kramintsev V. A. Litaya stal poltsevskogo poseleniya [Litaya stal of the Poltsevo settlement]: Materials of the IV Annual Final Session of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS. December 1996-Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAET SB RAS, 1996. - pp. 125-128.

Kropivnitskiy N. N. Tekhnologiya metallov [Technology of metals], Lenizdat Publ., 1973, 463 p.

Magnitsky O. N., Pirainen V. Yu. Khudozhestvennoe litye [Artistic casting]. - St. Petersburg: Polytechnic, 1996. - 231s.

Mazin A. N. Calendar of the economic year from the Iron Age site of the Amur region //Archeology and socio-cultural Anthropology of the Far East and adjacent Territories: (Materials of the XI session of archaeologists and anthropologists of the Far East): The third nauch. conf. Russia and China on the Far Eastern borders. Blagoveshchensk: Publishing House of the Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical Institute, 2003, pp. 195-205.

Nesterov S. P., Alkyne S. V., Bogdanov E. S. Research on the monuments Buka Key-1 and Bezumci // Problems of archaeology, Ethnography, anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories: Mat-ly V total Annual session of the Institute of archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of Sib. otd-niya of wounds and the 30th anniversary of the Institute of history, Philology and philosophy, Siberian branch of RAS. December 1997-Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAET SB RAS, 1997. - Vol. 3. - pp. 258-264.

E. Novgorodova And Central Asia and the Karasuk problem. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1970, 192 p. (in Russian)

Okladnikov A. N. Ancient settlement on the Peschanom Peninsula near Vladivostok: Materials for the history of the Far East. - M.; L: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1963. - 356 p.

Okladnikov A. N., Derevyanko A. N. The distant past of Primorye and the Amur region. - Vladivostok: Far East Publishing House, 1973. - 440 p.

Selimkhanov N. E. Unraveled secrets of ancient bronze. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1970, 79 p. (in Russian)

Chlenova N. L. Chronology of monuments of the Karasuk era. - M.: Science, 1972. - 248 p. - (MIA; N 182)."

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 25.12.07.

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