In April 2008, the Ministry of Information and Communications of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) organized a study tour to the country for a group of Russian journalists. We had to travel from north to south, starting in the capital Hanoi and ending in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).

The Government of Vietnam, working purposefully to promote tourism and create an attractive advertising brand, seeks to convince foreign tourists that the country is full of"hidden charm". Here you can even admire the modern wonder of the world. The bay with the poetic name "Descending Dragon", or in Vietnamese Halong, in the spring of 2008, according to the results of a worldwide Internet vote, topped the list of seven modern wonders of the world. However, our program was designed in such a way as to present Vietnam as a country with a dynamically developing economy, with great human and economic potential. Therefore, the Vietnamese side focused on visiting successful companies and enterprises with export potential (Communications and Informatics Company FPT, Textile Company No. 10). Visits to the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange, the Sony Vietnam Joint Venture, and the Vientnam-Singapore Industrial Zone were also planned.

Several Russian-Vietnamese joint ventures operate in Vietnam. In particular, the largest oil production company Vietsovpetro in the south of the country in Vung Tau, which started its activity back in Soviet times; the KAMAZ truck assembly company (on our road trips around the country, the final products of this assembly were regularly found along with their Chinese, Korean and Japanese counterparts), the Vietnamese-Russian Bank (GRB).

BACK TO THE PAST

When you arrive in Hanoi from Moscow, it may look like you have traveled in a time machine and ended up in the Soviet Union at the beginning of Perestroika. National Vietnamese red flags with a star are hung all over the city (sometimes a red flag with a hammer and sickle flies nearby), which create a beautiful color contrast against the bright green vegetation. There are small columns of pioneers in white shirts and red ties, who, led by a teacher, rush to school or on a field trip.

In 1954. North Vietnam achieved independence from France as a result of the First Resistance War. According to the 1954 Geneva Treaty, Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel into two states: to the north is the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ¹ with its capital in Hanoi, and to the south is the Republic of Vietnam with its capital in Saigon. This situation did not suit the Northerners, and they fought a war for unification until 1975. Since then, the capture of Saigon by North Vietnamese troops on April 30 is celebrated as one of the main national holidays, symbolizing the unity of the nation.

I was very interested in the question, how do the Vietnamese treat their former opponents today? However, to questions about the attitude towards France and the United States (by the way, both powers were militarily defeated by the Vietnamese army) my interlocutors, as one, answered that "the attitude is good," but they did not develop their idea further.

A few years ago, Vietnam's Ambassador to the Russian Federation, Nguyen Van Ngan, in an interview, answering a question about the war with the United States, said the following:: "The war left serious consequences. The Vietnamese people, like other peoples of the world, will never forget this. But if all you can do is think about the past, it's a dead end. Therefore, we are looking to the future to develop relations with the United States. In the psychology of the Vietnamese people, there is traditionally such a trait as generosity. Our people do not forget about the past, but in the name of solving creative tasks, they think more about the future."². I asked the press attache of the Russian Embassy in Vietnam, A. G. Shevtsov, if it is true that the Vietnamese treat their former opponents well, or if they give such an answer to foreigners only because of political correctness. He assured me that the Vietnamese have a special way of " not remembering the past for the sake of the future." When communicating with local residents, I got the impression that the Vietnamese are so pragmatic people that for the sake of really important goals (investment, technology, international recognition) they can "forget" a lot, but they can also "remember" a lot if necessary.

Military victories over the French and Americans in the XX century. They were the foundation on which the modern Vietnamese nation was built. However, it is worth noting that over the course of centuries of history, the Vietnamese have repeatedly had to face the pressure and presence of more militarily powerful powers. We are talking primarily about the great northern neighbor - China. Since the second century BC, Vietnam has been under the strong influence, and at certain historical periods under the direct control of the Chinese Empire. The uprisings, rebellions, and wars waged by the Vietnamese against the Chinese for many centuries have strengthened the independent and unapologetic spirit of this people, forming a special Vietnamese character. Finally, the Vietnamese were able to get rid of the Chinese imperial troops only in 1427. A year later, the Vietnamese poet and national hero, one of the leaders of the people's armed struggle against the troops of the Chinese Ming dynasty, Nguyen Chai in the " Great

appeal for pacification of the Chinese " formulated the essence of Vietnamese identity: "For many years, our people have created an independent nation with their own civilization on the territory of Vietnam. We have our mountains and our rivers, our customs and traditions that are completely different from the foreign country of the North (China)... Sometimes we were weak, sometimes powerful, but we always had heroes. " ³

The unconditional heroism and dedication of the people defending their territory was shown during the Second War of Resistance in 1961-1973 (against the Saigon regime, actively supported by the United States). Not far from modern Ho Chi Minh City are the underground galleries of the Ku Chi tunnels. This place is known for the fact that during the war with the Americans, despite the fact that this region was subject to the most massive bombing, the Vietnamese managed to fight resistance in the literal sense of the word from underground. In the area of Cu Chi, the Vietnamese dug about 250 km of underground tunnels.

In this underground maze, the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Vietcong) soldiers set up a secret camp that contained living quarters, warehouses, mini-factories for the production of weapons, field hospitals and kitchens. From here, completely unexpected attacks were carried out on the positions of the American army, one of whose bases, ironically, was located in the immediate vicinity of tunnels that the Americans did not know existed. However, when it became clear that the Vietcong were using underground passages, locating them proved extremely difficult. The Americans put specially trained German Shepherds on the trail, the Vietnamese sprinkled pepper and salt on the trails, changed into American military uniforms taken from captured or killed soldiers, and even used American soap to throw the dogs off the trail. Then the Americans decided to level the proposed site of the tunnels with the ground, using bombs and napalm. But even this did not break the resistance, despite the fact that only in Ku Chi out of 16 thousand Vietcong soldiers only 6 thousand remained alive.⁴ An exhausting war with the Vietnamese army and guerrillas willing to die rather than surrender forced the Americans to abandon South Vietnam, which later became part of the united State.

Despite existing within the same state for more than 30 years, the North and South of the country are noticeably different from each other. At the same time, there are portraits of the founder of modern Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, posters, slogans, banners with calls to build a "bright future" all over the country (the most interesting thing is that you don't need to know Vietnamese to understand the meaning of visual agitation). There were regular posters explaining the state's policy on birth control - to have no more than two children in a family.

One of the main attractions of the country's modern history is the Ho Chi Minh Memorial Complex and Mausoleum. By the way, Ho Chi Minh in translation means "one who brings light" and is one of several dozen pseudonyms of Nguyen Tat Thanh (1890-1969) - the "father" of the Vietnamese nation. Visiting the mausoleum is not allowed in open clothing, and tourists who, due to the Vietnamese climate, may not be prepared to comply with this requirement, are given clothing that at least covers the shoulders. Inside the monument, you are not allowed to talk, use cameras or mobile communication devices. When you first look at the mummy of the president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, you get the feeling that this is a familiar Lenin from childhood - they are so similar.

Interestingly, in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, April 22, Lenin's birthday, is still remembered and celebrated. The main newspaper of the country "Nyanzan" on the front page published a portrait of Ilyich and an article of the corresponding content. On this day, wreaths from the Communist Party and trade union organizations were laid at the monument to Lenin, located in the central part of the city. However, there were no bouquets from private individuals and Vietnamese people who came to the monument to honor the memory of our common leader. Apart from our delegation, which almost did not believe that wreaths were being laid in honor of Lenin's birthday somewhere else, random passers-by and a family walking with a small child, there was no one in the perfectly cleaned and refined territory in front of the monument.

WIND OF CHANGE

Today's Vietnam is a curious synthesis of communist ideology (in its national interpretation) and a steadily developing market economy, gradually opening up to the outside world and attracting foreign investment. In 1986, at the VI Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), a new party was established.

A "renewal policy" was adopted, the main task of which was to implement market reforms, expand private initiative, and replace state planning with a "socialist-oriented market economy"⁵. The policy of state industrialization and modernization should be carried out in conjunction with the expansion and diversification of foreign trade relations, the policy of openness and integration into the world economy. The main goals and objectives of the Vietnamese "perestroika" were focused on the socio-economic sphere. There was supposed to be a limited democratization of political life, but the leading and guiding role of the Communist Party of Vietnam remained unchanged.

The dynamics of political processes in the USSR in the late 1980s and the gradual abandonment of socialist ideology in Eastern European countries were alarming signals for the Vietnamese regime. In 1990, the CPV Central Committee opposed "bourgeois liberalization" and multi-party system. Until today, the creation of parties is prohibited, officially authorized print and electronic publications, as well as television channels carry out the "general party line", especially with regard to domestic policy issues in order to avoid the emergence of an alternative to the state ideology of a political or social movement. Obviously, with Vietnam's contacts with the outside world increasing every year, it is becoming increasingly difficult to pursue a policy of ideological isolation.

In 1992, the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was amended, according to which the country recognized the right of the private sector to participate in the development of the economy, which now uses market mechanisms, and opened up opportunities for foreign investment. Over the past two decades, the policy of renewal has allowed Vietnam's economy to become one of the fastest growing in the world.

According to the World Bank's assessment published in February 2007, Vietnam "has the potential to achieve one of the most impressive achievements in the history of development"⁶. 2007 was Vietnam's 27th year of continuous economic growth, with Vietnam's economy second only to China in the world in terms of continuous growth. Over the past 22 years, Vietnam's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of 6.8%, and in 2005-2006, it recorded more than 8% economic growth.⁷ For a country with a population of almost 85 million people, this is more than an impressive result. Annual income per capita (PPP 8) increased by more than 2/3 in 2006 compared to 2000 , from $ 1,400 to $ 2,310. ⁹ The unemployment rate in 2006 was 4.8% of the economically active population10. Economic growth was accompanied by a gradual improvement in the quality of life, health care and education. The average life expectancy has increased from 50 to 71.3 years in comparison with ^the 1960s. Vietnamese statistics show a tenfold reduction in poverty ,from 70% of the population in the 1980s to ^{7% in 2005.12}

The policy of diversifying foreign relations has allowed Vietnam to integrate more deeply into the system of regional and global economic relations. Before 1990, Vietnam had only 40 trading partners. In 1995, the country signed a cooperation agreement with the EU, in the same year it became an ASEAN member, in 1998 - an APEC member, signed a bilateral trade agreement with the United States in 2000, by 2005 it had established foreign economic relations with 221 states and territories, and joined the WTO in January 2007. Economic reforms have helped expand foreign participation in the economy. Foreign direct investment increased from $ 1.3 billion in 2000 to $ 2.3 billion in ^2006.13 and continues to increase. The main investors are Taiwan, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, China and the United States14.

Positive changes in the economy are a matter of special pride for Vietnamese people. Vietnam's Ambassador to Russia Nguyen Van Ngan said in an interview: "We used to have a big shortage of consumer goods, up to 95% of them were imported into our country. Today, we have not only reduced the import of consumer goods, but also export goods produced in Vietnamese factories. This is especially true for clothing and knitwear. Vietnam has become a major exporter of these products to Japan, the United States, and the European Union. Recently, we have also started selling electronics abroad, such as Vietnamese-made computers. A number of our agricultural products occupy the first places on the world market, for example, rubber, coffee, tea. Even India buys Vietnamese raw materials to process and sell under its own brands. Sri Lanka followed India's example. " ¹⁵

The main achievement of the "renewal policy" was that the state made it possible for Vietnamese people to earn more than

they actively used it. In conversations with many Vietnamese people, I have often heard that they often work two or three jobs. For example, during the day they work in the civil service, and in the evening they work in their own private business (small-scale trade or service sector), and if there is still a little time left, then they cultivate something on a piece of land. Gradually, it became clear why Vietnamese people get up at first light, eat a huge portion of rice noodles (pho) for breakfast by our standards, and work until very late in the evening. Hard work, determination, endurance, and focus on results are combined here with a special Vietnamese cunning (some researchers call this feature stratagem thinking) and business acumen, although you quickly notice that in commercial matters (at least in the retail sector), impeccable honesty is not the strongest side of the Vietnamese.

Our program included meetings with the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam's newspaper Nianzan (The People), the largest national newspaper Saigon Zayfong (Liberated Saigon), and representatives of Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV). Despite the fact that our colleagues work within a certain ideological framework (although no one directly mentioned this), this, in their opinion, does not prevent us from producing a modern intellectual product covering a wide range of domestic policy issues, major international issues, the economy, finance, and sports (by the way, the Vietnamese are ardent football fans).

It is interesting to compare meetings in newspaper offices in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. If the conversation at the Nianzang over cups of the invariable strong green tea had a well-kept protocol character - we and the Vietnamese nodded importantly to each other, asked serious questions and received serious answers, in particular, that the events in Tibet on the eve of the Beijing Olympics were covered by the newspaper in accordance with the CPV line, then in the editorial office of the Ho Chi Minh "Saigon zayfong " editor-in-chief Chan Thae Tuen managed to give our communication a friendly and relaxed tone, creating an impression of greater openness. In addition to talking about his publication and introducing the staff who came to the meeting, Chan Tae Thuen also asked about the development of journalism in our country. And at the end of the conversation, quite unexpectedly, he offered to cooperate with the newspaper. According to him, Vietnam's interest in Russia continues unabated, and materials about our country in our performance would adorn the publication. However, when it came to the fee, the newspaper's management framed the answer as a joke, the meaning of which was that cooperation between friends should not be measured in money.

The editor-in-chief of the Saigon newspaper noted that "the Vietnamese have a special sympathy for Russia, since the USSR played a huge role in the formation of our state, provided great assistance in economic development, the fight against invaders and in training personnel." ^Tens of thousands of Vietnamese were educated in the USSR and Russia16. This factor still plays a key role in the good attitude of Vietnamese residents to the now Russian citizens. According to Tran Thae Thuen, the main qualities of the Vietnamese people are kindness and loyalty. "We never forget our friends," the editor-in-chief concluded. Although the Vietnamese may have exaggerated their sympathy for us in protocol conversations (as is customary in such situations), nevertheless, this sympathy is a real fact.

RELIGION AND ANCESTRAL WORSHIP

Vietnam is a multiethnic (54 ethnic groups) and multicultural mosaic, in which various religions, beliefs, and cults coexist. According to statistics, there are currently about 20 million believers in Vietnam, including 8 million Buddhists, more than 6 million Catholics, about 1 million Protestants, and almost 200 thousand Muslims. muslims ¹⁷. Vietnam is also known for the fact that in the XX century. on its territory, two syncretic religious teachings or sects emerged: kaodai ("Supreme Palace") and hoahao ("Harmony and Nobility"). There are 2 million people in each country. Caodaists and Hoahao followers.

The kaodai doctrine is based largely on Buddhism, including elements of Taoism and Confucianism. The main goal of the followers of this sect is to avoid the wheel of samsara (an endless chain of reincarnations), they believe in one God, in the existence of the soul and in the possibility of contact with the spirit world. Kaodaism presents itself as an ideal religion that includes the teachings of Buddha, Christ, Confucius, etc., tries to unite the religious philosophy of the East and West, avoid the mistakes of previous universal religions through constant communication with the higher power through spirits, prophets and teachers. The list of spirits who have come into contact with the Kaodaists is impressive. These are the departed leaders of the Kaodai sect, patriots, war heroes, philosophers, poets, and political leaders of the state. Among them are famous European historical figures.-

famous figures and thinkers - Joan of Arc, Rene Descartes, Lenin, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, etc. Therefore, all of them have the status of special reverence among the Kaodaists. The symbol of the Kaodai sect is the so-called "Heavenly Eye", and it is headed by its own "pope", whose residence is located in Tainin Province, northeast of Ho Chi Minh City.

The opportunity to see the Kaodaist temple with my own eyes presented itself in a completely unexpected way. In the economic capital of the central region of the country, Da Nang, part of our group managed to go beyond the program planned by the Vietnamese side. By joining the press attache of the Russian Embassy, who was on his way to the Consulate General on business, we had the opportunity to see the city on our own, as well as the Kaodaist temple and the Catholic Cathedral. After walking around the well-groomed grounds of the temple, in the garden of which there were lion figures so revered in Vietnam, we tried to enter the temple itself, but its doors were locked. Suddenly, a middle-aged and very thin monk in a white robe that reached to his feet, whose head was covered with a black "turban", came out of a side exit to meet us and invited us to go inside. We took off our shoes and followed our new acquaintance barefoot. There was no one inside. The interior resembled a Christian cathedral (altar, icons, stained glass windows), and a mosque (on the patterned tile floor lay red bedding for worshippers). Above the altar, next to which stood the invariable incense sticks, hung a huge ball with the image of the heavenly eye. If you raised your head even higher, you could see the Kaodaist iconostasis, which depicted Buddha, Confucius, Moses, Christ, and even the Prophet Muhammad.

The second syncretic organization, hoahao, is a Buddhist sect that emerged in the late 1930s. Its ideology can be called reformist, since its founder advocated simplifying the practice of worship and denied the need for an intermediary between man and the higher being.

All Vietnamese - believers and non-believers, and those for whom faith has more cultural and civilizational than religious significance, or even Vietnamese from mixed families where relatives belong to different faiths-assign a central place in the hierarchy of values to the cult of ancestors. Having spread to Vietnam long before Buddhism and Confucianism, the ancestral cult is based on the belief that the human soul lives after death and cares for the living. Based on the fact that ancestral spirits have a direct impact on the daily life of each person, contradicting them or disturbing them unnecessarily is not only inappropriate, but simply dangerous. Almost every family and institution has an altar next to which incense is lit and prayers are offered for the souls of the deceased, people ask them for advice and blessings.

"IT'S GOOD TO REMEMBER VIETNAM."..

It is difficult to generalize whether the Vietnamese are generally hospitable people, since our contacts with the local population were limited due to the richness of the program. Nevertheless, we can confidently say that the host party is represented by our dynamic and attentive escort from the Ministry of Information and Communications and, in addition, a graduate of a Soviet university named Tuan (as it turned out later, he also combines service in the ministry with doing business) I tried to make sure that we took with us not only good impressions, but also extra pounds. And despite the protests (in hot and humid climates, eating three meals a day is actually not an easy task), Tuan diligently carried out the installation to ensure that, in his words, we "remember Vietnam well."

The Vietnamese table is organized in such a way that from the displayed and regularly changed dishes, everyone takes and puts everything they see fit in a plate or rice bowl. As we were told, if Vietnamese people gather somewhere for a joint meal, then it is not customary to finish the last, penultimate and even penultimate piece from a common dish, so as not to offend fellow diners by leaving the dish empty (however, this norm of etiquette is not observed in the family circle). Thus, it is not surprising if the half-eaten dish is replaced by a new one. However, some Japanese people do not understand such extravagance, considering it a desire to demonstrate Vietnamese wealth and the attitude to food that has changed in recent years.

After all, not so long ago, even 15-20 years ago, the problem with providing food for Vietnam was very acute. According to the Ambassador of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to Russia, Nguyen Van Ngan, "before we always lacked food, the people were starving." ¹⁸ In 1990, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam impor-

It produced more than 2 million tons of rice, but five years later Vietnam acted as an exporter and delivered 2.8 million tons of rice to the world market. tag ¹⁹. And Tuan himself once joked: "It used to be the same for us. The Vietnamese just wanted to eat, then eat a lot, and now we want to eat well." From this simple joke, it can also be concluded that Vietnam has solved the food problem (today the country fully supports itself with agricultural products and is an exporter of them, in particular, it ranks second after Thailand among the rice exporting countries ²⁰), and that economic development has led to an increase in the welfare of citizens and a change in the quality of consumption. In this regard, the remark of one of the Ho Chi Minh City television executives at the very end of our meeting did not seem accidental. Let me remind you that in the spring of 2008, the world was talking about the food crisis, the soaring world prices for agricultural products, and in the Vietnamese press there was information about the temporarily suspended export of rice and disturbing headlines, in particular, "how to ensure food security"? So, the same TV man urged us not to believe the information that appeared about problems with rice and assured us that in Vietnam this problem does not exist. Our colleagues have tried very hard to ensure that the image of Vietnam does not suffer in any way outside its borders.

If many residents of our country appreciate the warmth, sun, and sea, then the inhabitants of Vietnam have a great rarity and, accordingly, value - snow. This is probably why the female name "snowflake" is widely used as a symbol of rare beauty. In addition to women's names, the snow-Christmas craze manifests itself in interior design and "does not melt" for a long time. At the end of April, for example, a Christmas garland decorated the lobby of the Vietnamese-Russian Bank, and plastic snowflakes and other attributes of New Year's decoration were pleasantly pleasing to the eye in the waiting room of the capital's Noi Bai airport.

Nevertheless, despite their love of snowy exotics, Vietnamese students who studied in the Soviet Union said that in winter they still "suffered" from our harsh climate. For example, Lee Viet Chung, head of the English-language electronic edition of the Saigon Zayfong newspaper, who graduated from the Faculty of Philology in Sverdlovsk, said that when frosts dropped below -20°C, teachers themselves came to the hostel and conducted classes. Now the frosts are already over, but warm memories of a good and attentive attitude remain. "It's a pity that our ties are not so close now," Lee Viet Chung complained.

Vietnamese students also loved our cuisine (herring, chicken noodles, vodka, etc.) and our variety show. We had an opportunity to make sure of the latter during a reception hosted by the ministry that hosted us. I was also surprised by the fact that the Vietnamese are very fond of singing. During the evening, the series of songs was almost uninterrupted-sometimes performed by the singer, who performed almost without an accent some Soviet hits that found a lively response in the souls of former students of Soviet universities, then the hosts of the evening, starting with the deputy minister (a graduate of the MSU journalism department) and almost all his colleagues, then our group of journalists, who sang first so as not to offend the owners. Alexey Sunnerberg, the only Vietnamese player among us, performed literally and figuratively as the "Voice of Russia" (since he represented the radio station of the same name), striking the Vietnamese comrades with a performance of a song in their native language, and caused a storm of emotions, perhaps, among representatives of both countries. The program of the evening also included traditional folk music. Thanks to our translator Huong, who works at the RIA-Novosti news agency in Hanoi,we learned that the musicians on stage play a special single-stringed instrument, the base of which is made of a pumpkin, and in a long and sad song they sing about the river, which is a symbol of life and home for the Vietnamese.

Over the past 20 years, Russian-Vietnamese relations have undergone significant changes. The change in foreign policy orientations of both countries and the solution of modern economic problems forced us to look for new partners outside the circle of "traditional" allies. However, even today, when Vietnamese people find out that their interlocutor is from Russia, the tone of the conversation immediately becomes a little warmer, people start to smile and even say some phrases in Russian. Our compatriots, who have long been associated with Vietnam and regularly visit this country, claim that only here can you feel that Russians are really well treated. It is quite natural to want to reciprocate this.

Hanoi - Moscow

¹ On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi.

² Interview of Ambassador Nguyen Van Ngan to the magazine "Russian Federation Today", 2005, N 16 - www.russia-today.ru/2005/ no 16/16_meetings.htm

³ Translation of a quote from the French reference publication: Lonely Planet. 7-nme edition, 2005, p. 26.

⁴ Lonely Planet.., p. 378.

⁵ www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_vietnam/history

⁶ www.worldbank.org/ida

⁷ Calculated from national statistics (up to 2005-see: Vietnam. Prospects for 2020 Hanoi, 2007, p. 14), according to the World Bank (2000-2006-http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/cppro file. asp?PTYPE-CP&CCODE=VNM) and estimated data for 2008, published in the newspaper "Viet Nam News", 23.04.08.

⁸ PPP - Purchasing power parity of the currency. The PPP conversion rate is defined as the number of monetary units of a given country required to purchase on the domestic market as many goods and services as can be purchased in the United States for one dollar. A comparison of gross national income per capita by PPP makes it possible to determine real, rather than nominal, household income.

^{http://devdata.worldbank.org/external} 9 /cpprofile.asp?PTYPE=CP&CCODE=VNM

^{www.aseansec.org/stat/Table} 102.pdf

¹¹ Vietnam. Prospects for 2020 Hanoi, 2007 p. 13.

¹² www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_vietnam/history

^{http://devdata.worldbank.org/external} 13 /cpprofile.asp?PTYPE=CP&CCODE=VNM

¹⁴ Vietnam. Prospects for 2020, p. 31.

¹⁵ Interview to the magazine "Russian Federation today", 2005, N 16.

¹⁶ Interview of the President of Vietnam Nguyen Minh Thiet to the newspaper Izvestia, 20.11.06.

¹⁷ Vietnam. Prospects for 2020 Hanoi, 2007 p. 94.

¹⁸ Interview to the magazine "Russian Federation today"...

^{Berlrand de Harthing.} 19 D'un modele et des modeles: la Republique socialiste du Viet Nam au carrefour de sa mutation. Matenaux pour l'histoire de notre temps. 1997, Vol. 45, N 1, р.

²¹. Electronic version of the article on the website www.persee.fr

^{www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_vietnam/history} 20; Vietnam currently produces 35 to 37 million tons of raw rice annually, of which 4 to 5 million tons are exported. See: Heritage, March/April 2008. Hanoi, p. 55.

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