The rules for writing together or separately are NOT very complex; they are based on a variety of criteria that can be difficult to take into account when writing. Therefore, there is a discrepancy in the spelling of the same words in almost identical contexts. However, the number of such words is not too large, as it may seem.

Speaking about the particle NOT, it is necessary to remember that there are two particles: contrastive and general negative (Kreidlin G. E., Paducheva E. V. Interaction of associative relations and actual division in a sentence with the union D/ / NTI. 1974. Ser. 2. N 9. pp. 32-37). The opposite particle (not.., and) is always written separately, and the spelling of the general negative prefix particle depends on the role in the actual sentence division. From a theoretical point of view, the least likely occurrence of words with variable spelling in the position of the subject and circumstances of the mode of action; the most likely syntactic position of words with variable spelling is the position of the predicate (see for more details Beshenkova E. V. Linguistic justification of the rule of combined / separate writing NOT / / Vestnik Tambov. un-ta. Issue 3. Tambov, 2000, pp. 93-103). Observation of writing practice confirms these theoretical assumptions, although there are also fluctuations in theoretically unpredictable contexts. In this article, we will look at the behavior of only one group of words that appear in the predicate position - these are adverbs.

Among the so-called predicative adverbs, there are two groups: the na-o adverbs and the others. The spelling of adverbs is not automatically determined by dictionaries. Regardless of the context, we deny it

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we either affirm, we focus on negation or not, regardless of any other conditions, we define the spelling according to the dictionary: unbearable, not in order, not entitled, not serious, not against, not against, etc.

The spelling of adverbs on-o follows the general rule, according to which separate spelling is dictated by an enhanced negation (by no means, far from, not at all), here you can add unless, almost, almost, as well as negative pronouns and the particle ni). The combined spelling is determined by disuse without NOT, the presence of the suffix-im - and the presence of context ( very, very and other adverbs of the degree). Let's call these contexts obvious. Outside of these contexts, writing depends on the emphasis on negating or affirming the opposite concept. A common technique for determining this accent is to substitute a word that is close in meaning, but without NOT.

The analysis of the material shows that, firstly, there are three groups of predicative adverbs:

1. adverbs that can only be written separately;

2. adverbs that are written only together outside of obvious contexts;

3. and adverbs that are written in two ways outside of obvious contexts. Secondly, spellings in many cases are not explained by either the rules or dictionaries. Dictionaries practically do not mention adverbs of the first group, with rare exceptions, and adverbs of the second and third groups are not differentiated. In spelling dictionaries, an asterisk for words that can be written together indicates that they can be written separately (however, separate spelling can be used with the opposite meaning NOT only in obvious contexts, but also outside of these contexts). Thus, dictionaries provide very little help in determining the spelling.

The first group includes, for example, it doesn't hurt (It doesn't hurt me to squat down), it's not sad (Aren't you sad to part with a friend?), it's not shameful, it's not shameful (I wouldn't be ashamed to perform this number in the capital; It's not shameful to learn from such a warrior), it's not great (It's not great that it turned out that way), it's possible ( It's possible that his hand was driven by the Russian mood of that time), it's not offensive (And it's not offensive for you to run in sixes all your life?), it's not too late (it's not too late yet), it's not like (It's not like he was scared), empty (My book isn't empty either ), not real ( I can't really count on his recovery), not boring (Under what conditions would you be not boring ), not funny (All this is terribly funny ), not ashamed (She was twenty-five years old. She was at an age when it was not shameful to pursue her, and it became difficult to fall in love with her).

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Note that sometimes the same adverbs in the position of circumstances can be written together. For example: He laughed unoffendingly; he thinks unreally.

The second group includes such adverbs as incorrect (It would be psychologically incorrect to punish her. It is wrong to turn to his characters for explanations), it is impossible (And it is impossible to imagine such a thing. It was impossible to disobey ), ugly ( It's not nice to do this to defenseless people), awkward (I was embarrassed to look at Anna Ivanovna. He feels uncomfortable and uneasy: how can we leave a comrade alone), displeased (I even believe that some people were displeased that we went through the crucible of war while suffering), unusual (It was unusual to hear such hasty and uncertain utterances from him), careless ( it was careless to scold women), careless ( It is imprudent of him to come to us at such a late hour), improper (It is not permissible for a doctor to say so), unusual ( It is unusual to see you so excited), dishonorable (It was too dishonorable to change so suddenly), indecent ( It is indecent for a man of the world to go there. It was indecent for an officer to stay in the fortress), wrong (It would be wrong not to mention some shortcomings), unpleasant (I always feel unpleasant, when the funeral procession crosses the road), it is not difficult (It was not difficult to guess that the owners of the house are English), it is inconvenient (I am uncomfortable to make comments to him).

The spelling of adverbs of these groups was checked not only by texts and dictionaries, but also by the results of tests for students of philology.

Note that the distribution of these groups of synonymous words or words that are similar in meaning, and sometimes even different meanings of the same word, is very whimsical. So, different groups can include synonyms and antonyms: not difficult - not difficult - not easy! not easy - not easy/not easy, unusual - not strange, inconvenient - not shameful, which contradicts the generally accepted and stipulated substitution technique in the rules. So, in the sentence "I don't feel comfortable reminding him about this", inconvenient can be replaced with ashamed, which is interpreted as evidence in favor of the combined spelling, although in the sentence "I'm not ashamed to show up to him in this outfit", the predicate can be replaced with decent.

Sometimes different groups include different meanings of the same word. For example, the adverb (not) harmful has two meanings:" without harm to health "(not harmful) and" it is desirable, it would be good " (harmless). In the first meaning, it is written separately (You decide to say that smoking is not harmful. Isn't it harmful to take this medicine for so long?), as well as its antonym is not useful ( It is not useful to eat a lot of vitamins), although in both cases you can put an antonym, a word without NOT.

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In the second meaning, the adverb is safely written together (Order and go, and I'll sit alone, this is sometimes harmless. It wouldn't hurt to take a walk. Sometimes it doesn't hurt to stop and look back at what's happening to you).

The third group of adverbs is of the greatest interest. According to the rules, these adverbs should be written together when "approving a negative attribute" and separately "when negating a positive attribute". However, the analysis of real texts has shown that for the absolute majority of predicative adverbs, the writer does not realize this system feature. Here are some examples of the actual use of some predicates. Note at once that in the position of circumstances, if it is acceptable for specific lexemes, these adverbs are written only together.

The adverb unimportant in the sense of "mediocre, bad" can act both as a circumstance and as a predicate, but it is always written together (It feels bad. Things aren't going well for me. He doesn't behave well here - he shies away from work. We didn't have much luck with arithmetic. I don't have kidney problems).

In the sense of "not significant, not majestic" and "does not matter much", the adverb acts as a circumstance and is written either together or separately.

It doesn't matter: I don't care what you think about it. I don't care if he comes or not. Let us turn to the consideration of other objects, whether together with their qualities or apart from them. It doesn't matter who got the key. "It doesn't matter," the journalist said. "It's important that you're here." They are children, and it does not matter that they are poorly versed in literature. Well, it doesn't matter, just don't cry. "Is it important? "Let's assume it doesn't matter." I don't know, and it doesn't matter. "Will you allow me to postpone your visit? "Oh, it doesn't matter." It doesn't matter what they think, it matters what they do. It doesn't matter now. He was late for breakfast, but it didn't matter, he couldn't eat.

The adverb is not happy in the role of circumstances outside of obvious contexts is written together (He grinned without humor). In the role of a predicate, it is possible to write both together and separately: it is not fun / not fun {It is not fun to think that there is no other way out. I told my sister that I was not happy in Bagrov. It's not fun to get to you, bumps, potholes, permanent fir trees).

For (not) known dictionaries introduce another context for the merged spelling:

1. in the construction of an unknown person (what, where, where, why, etc.): He willingly read the story taken from nowhere. I told someone I didn't know. The vast empty land was owned, for some unknown reason, by one person. She's moved somewhere else. With the hope that

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destruction is not known how it will turn into creation. Buses run on an unknown schedule. They were in a car belonging to no one knows who. I caught a few other images in the focus of the twitching, creaking movie projector, but they were also monuments to who knows what. And this is also part of some unknown, unknown plan drawn up by someone.

2. if there is a verb-copula: And it was unknown if there was a Cora spirit among them.

However, this does not resolve all the issues, and in other cases the variable spelling remains.:

Unknown/unknown: And who needs it is unknown. Don't imagine that I don't know what class they are. And I don't know where he lives. It is not known where all this goes, but it is known that life moves in this direction. And it is not known how long his career as a shepherd would have continued, if not for a tragic accident. You can't say how many items you'll need, because you don't know how many have already been sold. It is not known what he could show in court, what other scams to reveal. This feeling is unknown to me. It is not known how many Chechen bandits have been added to Moscow's over the past year. It is not known how long the Moscow circus will stay in the Norwegian outback. What happened next to the submarine is not known. It is not known how much of the profit was hidden. Where exactly he keeps this money is not known. We don't know what the agreement was reached before. It is not yet known what color you will get as a result. It is not yet known how the case will end in the presence of a judge. However, it is still not known whether women liked this invention. How to deal with a bank if you don't know if it will exist in a year. Perhaps, we don't know what a doctor can and can't know.

Not interesting Not interesting / not interesting: fly when you can't control the plane. It is not interesting to play knowing the outcome. It's not interesting to hear people arguing in vain. No, it's not that interesting. We are not interested in seeing how an actor falls off a trapeze. It's not interesting to know what happens next.

In the position of circumstances, it is only uninteresting (He does not tell interesting stories).

Not required/optional: And you don't have to start with "Village". In addition, it is not necessary to buy another horse. And this is not necessarily related to success. I don't have to bring the Grand Prix. They tried to convince Fedya that it was not necessary for him to live in some sanatorium there - let him come to Stozhary as soon as possible. This poem evokes many associations, including modern and political ones, but not only and not necessarily political. Listening sessions are optional.

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especially the majors. It is not necessary that the decision is made immediately. You don't have to understand the technique. I can talk about anything. And not even necessarily about the notorious seizure of documents. However, you don't need to know this. So, everything is not necessary, the choice is approximate. He argued that the student is not necessarily an intelligent person.

Not bad/not bad: Not bad for a start. It would be nice to control your emotions. Maybe it's not a bad thing that he didn't go there. And it would be nice to take a walk in the rain. Well, it's also good to be sure that we're not wasting any time. If a man is engaged in brokerage, then he is a broker, and if a woman, then it would be nice to call her a broker. It is not bad that we have already achieved such results. That wouldn't be a bad idea at all. It's not bad for me to be strong. That would be nice.

In the role of a player, only not bad (He plays good football).

Unclear / not clear: I didn't understand where such fantasies could have come from. It's not clear to me. Incomprehensible and unclean. So why did they meet again? "I don't know. Don't you understand? It is not at all clear from what ceiling the Ministry of Labor took these figures. It is not clear what guided them in this matter. However, it is not clear why the destroyer's captain did nothing to prevent the disaster. A lot of things are unclear here. Is it not clear that "No answers" is not an answer?

In the role of a circumstance, it is only unclear (It explains incomprehensibly).

Not easy/not easy: However, even in word theory, everything is not easy. It's not easy to find the beginning of a story, it's even harder to find the right words for the end. Overcoming old habits was not easy. We've met in places that are hard to forget. At this age, this is not easy to realize. Everything is not easy for him, everything is far-fetched. For him, it is very difficult - not to know rationally, but to feel. It is not easy for a man with a healthy appetite to live twenty-four days on fifty shillings. It was not easy to turn the center of love and care into a secret institution.

Not scary/not scary: I will speak out, I will lay out everything to the end, and then I will not be afraid to die. I'm not afraid anymore. It's not a big deal that he has a fever. I tried not to smile - it's not a big deal. He's furious, but I'm not afraid. The liver is slightly enlarged, the jaundice of newborns is not terrible.

No wonder, Wonder/no wonder: that he raised such a question. Not surprisingly, the Western world feels uneasy. And it is not surprising that her lines intersect with the memorable lines of Pushkin. Not surprisingly, the country has weakened. It is not surprising, therefore, that already from the end of the XVIII century, decomposition begins.-

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a sense of morality. And it is not surprising that in the Middle Ages peasants were considered half-animals. But it is not surprising that he succeeded. And no wonder, because it's the most beautiful sound I've ever heard. No wonder the strongest won.

I don 't know if she meant it seriously or jokingly. Today, it is not clear who can draw the president's line. And many people just don't know if it's too much or too little. Now it is generally unclear who can keep order in the houses. What he was guided by is still not clear. It is still unclear how he managed to reach the final. Don't you see? But even Franz wasn't sure what that look meant. What they are doing on this podium is not clear at all. One was buried with weeping and lamentations, the other-it is not known where and it is unclear how.

Dictionaries introduce a very special criterion for the predicative adverb (not) noticeably. Only the combined spelling is recommended before the union to: Imperceptibly, so that the boys change. Something unnoticeable, so that someone is sweeping here. You can't tell by his face that his teeth hurt. Akimov drank a lot, but it was not noticeable that he was getting drunk.

Only separate spellings are found before how and what conjunctions: I didn't notice that I was washing my sleeve. There are no fox tracks at all.

Linguists also introduce additional criteria for the adverb (not)mudreno. So, the Ushakov dictionary notes the combined spelling with the addition of an infinitive, the Ozhegov-Shvedova dictionary gives only a separate spelling in the role of the predicate "no wonder". The Orthoepical dictionary, on the other hand, recommends only a single spelling. Actually, both spellings are found in the text.

No wonder wonder/ no wonder: notice such errors. So education, thank God, we have no wonder to shine. And no wonder he stayed. No wonder they hadn't heard it before. No wonder he declined the offer. Pushkin is not on the list of books delivered to Chernyshevsky in the fortress, and no wonder. You yourself have known for a long time that it is no wonder to love you. No wonder he couldn't withstand such a blow. It is not surprising that by noon the whole Zavolzhsk found out about the event. I do not know this sign. "No wonder.

However, for some predicate adverbs, it can be said that the distinction "affirming a negative attribute" or "negating a positive attribute" proposed by the rule is implemented.

Not easy - an adverb as a predicate and circumstances: "Do you think it's easy to give yourself completely to anything? "Not easy." Is it easy for a lonely person to resist? - yes, it's not easy.

However, it is not in the context of the response that you can find mostly combined spelling: It will not be easy for you to tell them this news.

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This question is often asked, but it is not easy to answer. This law is not easy to understand. Be conscientious about how easy it is and how difficult it is. There are some things that are hard to forgive. It is very difficult to beat snipe climbing in the bushes. It wasn't easy for us. It wasn't easy to get to him. The storm of emotions she stirred up wasn't easy to calm down. It wasn't easy to persuade him. It is not easy for the Russian eye to determine the essence of the Russian landscape. He was a large man, with a weather-beaten face and features that seemed to be set, not easily betraying the movements of his soul. It is not easy to say what the real situation is. It is not easy to dissuade them from this intention.

Separate spellings that occur can be considered erroneous ( not easy on the soul when you feel guilty. It is clear how difficult it was to notice that the speech that flows in such a variety can be decomposed into several elements).

The following adverbs behave similarly:

Unprofitable/not profitable: It is not profitable for them to think that white is black. Although they are very expensive, it is not profitable to hold capital in them. It is not profitable to trade in the bazaar. It is not profitable to leave immediately.

Not enough/not enough: It is not enough to explain Gogol's formula as an indication of ideality. He found the ground force at Bari insufficient. It is not enough to state that the early Byzantine image of the world is characterized by a muted dynamic of mystical historicism. They brought coconuts and breadfruit, but there's not enough heat for them here. A word isn't enough for him to listen. His statement is absolutely not enough to restore peace. Even her vanity wasn't enough to make her believe him. And for this, my coming is absolutely not enough. Isn't seeing for yourself enough? Laws alone are not enough. You can't be a true poet without constantly working to expand your knowledge, and he clearly doesn't have enough of it. He's had enough - but not enough for me? This is good, but not enough for real literature. The fact of the event is not enough for a person: he needs to know why.

Not constitutional/unconstitutional. When the logical emphasis is placed on the negative, it is written separately: It is not constitutional to hold such elections. In the absence of such an emphasis, it is also possible to write together: It is unconstitutional to hold such elections.

From a theoretical point of view, it is quite understandable, for example, to write together in the case of turning a particle NOT into a prefix for nouns in the position of the subject, and to write separately the same nouns with NOT in the position of the predicate (predicate). This also explains our observations about the combined spelling of adverbs with NOT in the position of circumstances and the variable spelling of the same adverbs in the position of predicates.

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This material provides a basis for correcting the rule in terms of spelling adverbs. First, it is necessary for all parts of speech to distinguish between the spelling of the opposite particle and the general negative prefix particle. Second, you should formulate rules for predicate adverbs and adverbs that act as circumstances separately. Third, it should be recognized that the spelling of predicate adverbs outside of obvious contexts is determined in dictionary order. Fourth, the dictionary should only contain information about spelling outside of obvious contexts. The existing variations in the spelling of predicate adverbs outside of obvious contexts can be covered by a rule that allows variant spelling. So, for the given examples, we can suggest the following wording of information in the dictionary: an asterisk means that a combined spelling is preferable outside the obvious context, and separate spelling is possible in the case of a marked (reinforced) emphasis on negation.

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