In a developed document flow, one of the signs of the established norm of the document language can be considered the appearance of a stable name for a certain type of text.

The document name is formed and used as a means to separate a certain type of business text for its rational functioning.

It is known that the information in the document should be comprehensive, easy to understand and remember. The same condition applies even more strongly to the document name. A well-chosen title is like a minimal abstract of the text itself, reflecting and summarizing in a short formulation the most essential aspects of the content.

Before reading the text in detail and detail, its name allows you to evaluate the idea of the document as a whole and avoid mistakes in the direction of its meaning. At the same time, the document name makes it possible to mention the existence or presence of this business text in another document or case. It is to mention the document, refer to it, and not reproduce it in its entirety, as it was, for example, in the practice of the Russian chancellery of the 1st half of the XIX century.

Before the General Regulations of 1720, there were no or no regulations on naming documents, and we are forced to talk about the existence of self-names of documents for almost six centuries. Self-naming was the most important element of the document, and one of the defining features of its style is the extraction of the leading concepts of the content and formative parts of the document from the text. By using a specific title, the author tried to present the case as objectively as possible.

The document name is based on key words of the text, mainly verbs, and forms a close semantic connection with them; in document names, the verb vocabulary is transformed into a nominal one. The following syntax is also formed around keywords: most regular-

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lar constructions and structures. Keywords in document titles define the key concepts of business life of a certain era and at the same time are the basis of the business dictionary of its time.

The title reflects the most significant features of the genre. A composite name serves as a symbol for a single designation of the document as a whole, reflecting its different sides. The more specific properties a single genre document has, the more voluminous and "more complex" its name is. Genre is a way of expressing the author's attitude to reality, to the chosen subject of description-through the text and implemented in a specific self-name or title of the document. Genre should be considered as a typological phenomenon, when we can talk about a certain unity of business plot (content) and composition (form) between the previous and subsequent genre forms. In the long process of developing documentary genres, there is a constant interaction of historical and typological elements. The names of documents change historically, but the more general relation of the utterance to reality, the scope of their functioning, and their typical content are to a certain extent typologically unchanged.

Titles - a specific symbol for the type of document that implements the genre. However, naturally, there is no complete identity between the document genre and the document name. The concept of genre is much broader than the concept of name. At the same time, an immaterial genre is always embodied in a material name. Unlike the genre, the name usually depends on the ideology of the society of a given period of its development, and often directly reflects it.

The genre itself does not have a name; the name is given to specific document types that implement the genre in a particular era. There are, for example, order, contract, request, and sub genres. However, there is not and was not a document with the name of the request. In different historical epochs, the genre of requests received different names, and they reflected the ideology of a certain characteristic period of the life of the Russian state.

The era and society change - and this is reflected not only in the content and structure of the document, but also in its name. A new ideology, a new style requires new names. The request remains, but if in the period of the XIII - beginning of the XVI centuries it was considered true to call it a Complaint, to state the request in a Complaint, then from the middle of the XVI century this naming changes. Autocracy becomes real: at the head of the state is the Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia, God's anointed one, the first person in the state after God. If you want to satisfy your request-indicate the greatness of the one to whom you have addressed yourself . -

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if you make a request, show your dependent position, bow low to him, "beat your forehead". The genre of the request remains, but the type of document that conveys it is called a Petition in this era.

Analogies in documents are also evident in the actual clerical work of different epochs. For example, if in the order office the Letters of the tsar went from top to bottom, and from bottom to top - the Replies of the voivodes, then in the ministerial office these were respectively the Instructions of the minister and the Reviews of the department.

The life of a type can be extended by administrative methods: legalize its mandatory use, strictly require the use of this particular type in specific circumstances, or, conversely, cancel the functioning of a particular type of document. Canceling specific document types will actually lead to their replacement with new types within genres that remain unchanged. Figuratively speaking, the death of a document type is the key to the immortality of its genre.

The era of the late XVII-early XIX centuries was very mobile and dynamic in terms of social processes and transformation of the former document system. The nineteenth century required less research attention, starting with the laws of 1810-1811. The names of documents were highly approved and rarely changed during the century.

Dictionary of I. I. Sreznevsky " Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language "(St. Petersburg, 1893-1912), which fulfilled the author's task " to be... monument of everyday life and education of the people", the first to reflect one of the essential indicators of the culture of society: the fact of adding up the document system. This Dictionary reflects various thematic groups of Russian vocabulary; in the historical study of a particular sphere of concepts, the Dictionary is the starting point and often the main source. It is of particular importance for studying the terminology of a Russian document, in particular, its names.

Going in his work from text to dictionary, initially compiling dictionaries of individual monuments, I. I. Sreznevsky, of course, could not pass by such semantically capacious units of the business text as their self-names. He extracted for his Dictionary lexical materials from 2,700 monuments, gave information about almost 210 types and varieties of Russian documents. Only 61 types of certificates are presented in it: Runaway, Berezhelnaya, Berezhennaya; Besudnaya, Importnaya, Vzmetnaya, Vosladnaya, and others similar.

Special attention is drawn to the names of document types (expressed by nouns)in the Sreznevsky Dictionary: Article "article, resolution", Ending "peace treaty". Complaint "complaint", Cabal "diploma, written debt obligation". The book "letter, message" and "messages, letters, orders". The "email" sheet,

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letter", Unsubscribe "note, report", Unsubscribe "record, certificate", Payer "written condition for payment", Call sign and Call sign "draft certificate, summons to appear in court", Call "summons to court, summons to appear in court". The manuscript "spiritual testament". Row and Row: "written contract, written condition". The word "written speech, writing, literacy", Sudnitsa "written court decision". The label "chartered certificate of Tatar khans", "contract certificate" and in general "certificate, letter".

In the Dictionary of Sreznevsky, words that later acquired the meaning of a document are reflected with other, non-documentary meanings: A Claim, an Oath, an Order, an Outfit, a Search, A Message, A Summons, A Sentence, A List, an Order, an Oath, a Painting, A Notebook, a Decree, a Charter, A Kiss, a Shert, a Turnout.

The dictionary of A. L. Duvernois "Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language "(Moscow, 1894) supplemented the "Materials..." of I. I. Sreznevsky, expanded their chronological framework, but at the same time used a relatively small number of published monuments. New genres compared to the Sreznevsky dictionary were the Extract "clerical reference on a certain issue from early documents", the Tribute "this letter", the Complaint "official statement about illegal actions of an official or private person with a request for protection of the complainer". A typo "the text of writing off, census of possessions, land, various things, etc.". A fairy tale "a document drawn up at the request of the administration or court, containing information about the case known to its author", an Estimate "a document containing accounting and calculation data". The list "description, record of information about cases, people, documents". A. L. Duvernois also presented words that later acquired the meaning of a document: Desyatnya, Zastava; there are especially many words among them that denote the name of an action or act: Selection, Report, Order, Izvet, Hang-up, Withdrawal, Account, Strengthening, Turnout.

G. E. Kochin's dictionary "Materials for the terminological dictionary of Ancient Russia" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1937), conceived as a terminological dictionary, gave the largest number of word combinations in comparison with other historical dictionaries. Some of them were obviously terms themselves, and some were combinations of terminology: a veritable label. Perpetual recording. Report books, Finishing sheet, Plaintive record, Note book, Written certificate. In this dictionary, 109 combinations with the word gramota are recorded: Redemption, Note, Larnaya, etc.

"Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries" is the most complete historical dictionary. It is not finished yet, its last volume gives information about words with the letter C, but in the dictionary entry Gramota upomi-

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there are 75 varieties of it on the site. Obviously, the authors of the dictionary are more demanding than other lexicographers to select only true terms in an independent dictionary entry.

The more detailed the development and division of word meanings is presented in the dictionary, the more specific it is possible to determine how the name of a particular document appeared. According to the Sreznevsky Dictionary, Charter originally meant "parchment, leather prepared for writing", later metonymically the meanings "letter, letter" and "letter, contract" appeared.

Among all historical dictionaries, the desire to present the semantic structure of a word most fully is realized in the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI-XVII centuries. It is here that it is most clearly seen how, in some cases, the name of the actual document recording this act or action was gradually separated from the names of the act or action. These are, for example: Select "election" and then "document of election to the position". Inspection "inspection, examination, survey", and then "document containing the results of the survey". A note "official registration, registration of something; making a record", and then "a document stating a case". However, both the quotation in the Dictionary and other cases of using the Note in monuments allow us to clarify, in our opinion, this meaning as "a document of certifying or explanatory content, which is given to accompany a case or person." Let's also call the Vacation "action on the verb let go, allow to leave" and "document on leave, dismissal", as well as other cases. We believe that this value can be differentiated in two ways:" document - certificate for the right to leave, absence "and"document for a former serf who is released into the wild".

The" Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries "did not mention the document meanings of "Conduct, Bearing, Report", etc., which previously meant "action, act". However, in some cases it is difficult to distinguish between the action and the document formed by this action, especially if there were no natural documents of this name among the monuments, but only their mention in other texts. For example, we still can't find out if there were any documents with the names Will, Purchase, Commandment, Application, Reminder, Declaration, Refusal, Definition, Survey, Drive, Contract, Section, Divorce, Agreement.

As already mentioned, the functioning of individual documents, especially at an early stage of their life, is not always determined by natural texts, and often only by references to them in the form of names in other monuments.

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From the mention, we can assume that we are already dealing with an independent document, if this mention and the surrounding context contain an indication: 1 - of the fact that the act was recorded in writing, of the designation of a separate text by a word; 2-of the possibility of physical transmission of the text, that the text was sent, brought, brought, submitted to the office; 3 - to reproduce what was said earlier, a link to the previous text; 4-to combine the word with the names of other well-known documents; 5 - to the fact of notarial actions with the text; 6-to various facts of clerical processing of the text.

Thus, the actual functioning of individual documents is established earlier than they are presented in the preserved corpus of monuments, for example. The choice is mentioned as the name of the document in 1577, and the original text of the document itself with this name has been preserved only from 1623; The arrival is mentioned in 1641, and the natural monument is known from 1687; The drive is in 1590 and, respectively, from 1690. Similarly, the time of functioning of documents with other names in the form of verbal nouns is set.: Watch, Income, Will, Love, Survey, Hang-up, Sentence, Petition, Divorce, Travel, Detective, etc., but the Alignment, Inspection, Refusal as separate independent texts have not yet been found, and the words Report, Denunciation, Application, Definition, Search, and some others have proved difficult to describe. references and the context of their documented meaning.

In the monuments of the Russian language that we examined, there are definitions that are not reflected in any historical dictionary that denote the topics of Letters: Yard, Patrol, Charge, Land Survey, Order, Dress and others. Other definitions refer to the way a document is compiled or handled: Registered, Model, Subscription, Parcel, Direct, Painted, Reference, Article and other Documents. The third group of definitions is formed by the names of the source of the document: Episcopal, Boyar, Voivodeship, Abbot, Lay, Monastic, Prelate, Cathedral and other similar Documents.

The survey of new monuments will give us new names, and our knowledge of the Russian document will be constantly expanded and reflected in new historical dictionaries. However, the listed dictionaries will be valuable for a long time because they represent a carefully conducted, complete lexicographic description of a certain range of monuments in a certain period. Our research on document names aims to support the established tradition of describing and analyzing the lexical means of the Russian language.

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