From the Latin word - "root" - many words trace their pedigree - this is a radical - "sign of the root in mathematics", as well as" a person of radical views", and radical - "decisive, root", and sciatica - "inflammation of the nerve roots", and others. In the garden, this Latin word "sprouted" in the names of two plants at once - radish and radish, and not only in Russian, but also in many European languages, for example, the names of radish: radish-English, Rettich-German, gros radis-French, ridikas-Lithuanian, ruths-Latvian, retikka - Finnish, ridiche - Romanian, Czech, - Slovenian, - Slovak, rzodkiewka-Polish, - Serbo-Croatian, radzka-Belarusian, radish-Ukrainian; and radish radish - English, Radies-German, radis-French, radiche - Romanian, - Latvian, ridikeliai - Lithuanian, retiisi - Finnish, - Czech, red'kovka - Slovak, rzodkiewka-Polish, - Serbo-Croatian, radiska - Belarusian, radish - Ukrainian.

In all these words, the relationship with the Latin root is quite obvious. But the Latin name of the radish itself ( as well as radish) - raphanus sativus-has been preserved only in some Romance languages: rafano-Italian, rabano - Spanish, Portuguese. For the name of radish in these languages, the forms of the deminutive formed using suffixes with the meaning of a diminutive from the name of radish in this language are used: - Italian, rabano/rabanillo - Spanish, - Portuguese. In the same way - through the form of a deminutive - the name of radish was formed in some Slavic languages, for example: rzodkiew/rzodkiewka-Polish, - Czech, - Slovak, - Serbo-Croatian.

The Latin radix became a Russian radish through the German language, from which this name was borrowed, which is confirmed by all etymological dictionaries.: "You will borrow, from German. It has been celebrated in monuments since the 14th century. Drevnenem. Redik, Retih (from Lat. - "root") in Russian is designed on the model of the words zh. r. na-A, related to the names of vegetables (rutabaga, cabbage-

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ta, beet, etc.) " (Shansky N. M., Ivanov V. V., Shanskaya T. V. Short etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 2-e. 1975; Preobrazhensky A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow, 1910-1914; Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian language, Moscow, 1986, vol. III).

More controversial is the question of the origin of the word radish in Russian. There is no doubt that it was borrowed by the Russian language from French, but the authors of etymological dictionaries disagree on whether it was borrowed directly from French, or through the medium of German. Thus, in the already mentioned dictionary of A. Preobrazhensky, an assumption is made about direct borrowing from the French language: "Radish is a kind of table radish. ...A new loan from the French radis, sometimes called radish or even radish. Goryaev thinks that from it. radieschen, germany. from radies. Is that unlikely?" The same opinion was shared by L. V. Uspensky in his book " The Word about Words "(L., 1971). At the same time, M. Fasmer pointed out the German language's mediation in the process of borrowing this word from French: "Radish, radish (the latter, for example, in Gogol).

You will borrow, via the NJ. - German. or nov. - V.-German. Radies" (Fasmer. Edict op.). The assumption of German mediation (although more cautious) is also given in the dictionary of N. M. Shansky and others: "Borrowed in the late nineteenth century from French, possibly through German mediation."

There is no consensus about the time when this word appeared in the Russian language. If in the dictionary of N. M. Shansky et al. If it is attributed to the end of the XIX century, then M. Fasmer's dictionary indicates the presence of this word in Gogol's works, which contradicts this statement. In turn, L. V. Uspensky proposed a broader framework for the period of borrowing - the XVIII-XIX centuries.

Consequently, the question of the time when the word radish was borrowed by the Russian language and the role of the German language in the process of this borrowing is still open.

These relative vegetables occupied a different place in the life of the Russian people: "If radish is an aristocrat, whose name - the French radis-passed to us through French cooks only in the 18th-19th centuries (our people did not grow this "master vegetable" in the old days), then, on the contrary, " radish with kvass, radish with butter, radish just, radish so "was a favorite folk peddler in the 16th century, and its name came to us, probably centuries earlier, and not through French, but through the Old German language" (Uspensky. Edict. op.).

These vegetables are also reflected in different ways in Russian phraseology and folklore. It is unlikely that you will be able to remember at least one Russian proverb or saying with the word radish, which is by no means true of

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the word radish. A number of such proverbs and sayings, reflecting the place of this most democratic vegetable in peasant life, are given, for example, in the collection of V. I. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people": Good food and radish, if there is no fish, Than the devil is not joking, and radish is traded!, Radish is with the gentlemen, and go to bed with pigs, In the post radish tail, Boasted radish that honey is sweet, radish horseradish is not sweeter, coal soot is not whiter, Tired worse than bitter radish.

Through the name radish in a number of languages, the Latin "root" entered the name of another vegetable crop - horseradish. For example, in English, horseradish is called what literally means "horse radish". The German horseradish name Meerrettich has undergone an interesting reinterpretation. In the Middle Ages, it had a different spelling-Mehrrettich. Mehr is German for "bigger", so it literally translates to "radish of a larger size". Over time, the spelling of this word changed - Meerrettich( Meer - in German "sea"), the literal meaning of this word was also rethought, now it can be translated as "radish that came to us from across the sea" or" overseas radish " (Duden. Das  der deutschen Sprache. Band 4, Kam-N, Mannheim, 1978).

According to the authors of the Etymological Dictionary of the Latvian Language edited by K. Milenbach and J. Eindzelin (1925-1927), the name horseradish came to the Latvian language from Low German. In the process of getting used to a foreign language, it has changed somewhat, and its inner meaning has also partially collapsed. The modern name of horseradish obviously includes rutks - "radish", but in modern Latvian there are no words with a root, i.e. the definition of the word" radish " has lost its meaning. For a modern native Latvian speaker, the literal meaning of the word is" some kind of radish", but what kind is no longer clear.

With the participation of the word radish, the name horseradish was formed in some Romance languages, where the name radish came from its Latin name raphanus. So, in Portuguese (as in English), the name of horseradish rabano-de-cavalo literally translates as "horse radish". The Spanish name rabano silvestre can literally be translated as "wild (or forest, field) radish".

Thus, the names of three different vegetables are directly or indirectly "shoots" from the same Latin "root".

Simferopol, Republic of Ukraine.

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