An interesting article by O. A. Anishchenko examines the history of using the word conduit in the jargon of pre-revolutionary secondary educational institutions in Russia of the XIX-early XX centuries, but its roots are deeper and go back to the Peter the Great era.

The first information about the time when the word conduit appeared in the Russian language was given by N. A. Smirnov's "Dictionary of foreign words that entered the Russian language in the era of Peter the Great" with reference to the Naval Charter: "Conduit, gol. conduit, behavior. He (General Admiral) should be hrabru and dobrago conduit (in other words, any expiration date) which qualities (or qualities) would be associated with virtue" (St. Petersburg, 1910).

"Essays on the historical lexicology of the Russian language of the XVIII century" did not include the word conduit. "Dictionary of the Russian language of the XVIII century" does not provide earlier material, but places the feminine form of conduit as a new word that went out of use in the XVIII century (Birzhakova E. E., Voinova L. A., Kutana L. L. Essays on the historical lexicology of the Russian language of the XVIII century: Language contacts and borrowings. L., 1972; Dictionary Russian language of the XVIII century. L., 1998. Issue 10).

A rare form of the feminine gender was used as early as 1772: "[Milodora] He is a person who has many quantities; yes, the main thing is evo conduit hood" (Sumarokov A. P. Mother is a part-time daughter / / Poly. collected works of Moscow, 1781). The conduit form was more often used in business papers until the very end of the XVIII century: "On the good conduit presented worthy of the work" (Materials for the history of the Russian Fleet. Documents and emails. 1702-1783 St. Petersburg, 1865-1883. Part IX). "Dictionary of the Russian language of the XVIII century", based on the already existing interpretation of this word in the lexicography of the XVIII-early XIX centuries, gives this meaning:: "Conduit, behavior, act, state" based on the interpretation of N. M. Yanovsky: "Conduit, fr. Behavior, lifestyle, in reasoning states and actions" (Yanovsky N. M. A new word interpreter, located alphabetically ... St. Petersburg, 1803-1806. Part II).

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Lexicographer Fyodor Kravchunovsky reveals the meaning of the French word rather than its Russian counterpart: "Conduit, pipe, conduit, watercourse; channel, channel; escort, board, leadership" (Kravchunovsky F. A new and complete interpreter of Slavic, Greek, Latin, German, Italian, French, Jewish, Turkish and other words used in the Russian language. Kharkiv, 1817).

In the " Dictionary of the Russian Language, compiled by the Second department of imp. Academy of Sciences", recorded: "Conduit, a, m (French conduite: behavior). A list with notes on the behavior of students in secondary schools, as well as on the behavior and abilities of military officials. Which, according to his conduit, will continue to be possible at this customs office " (St. Petersburg, 1912, Vol. IV. Issue 6). The same Dictionary notes the same meaning in the following use by N. S. Leskov in the 1880 story "White Eagle": "His conduit was short and simple: at the beginning of the service, due to the care of his father, he came to Count Viktor Nikitich Panin, who loved the old man for some well-known advantages...". In the middle of the XX century, B. Y. Bukhstab gives the following comment to this text: "Conduit is a magazine of information about the behavior of students; here in the meaning of track record", imposing a text with a game style has its own understanding - a person of the middle of the XX century-without taking this style into account (Leskov N. S. Sobr. soch.: In 11 volumes, Moscow, 1958, vol. 7).

In fact, here the word conduit has a figurative meaning of "biography, career", which, most likely, was formed not on the basis of the document name, but on the basis of the archaic meaning of "behavior". At the same time, one should pay attention to the exceptional rarity of using the word conduit in the XIX century in general and N. S. Leskov in particular as a means of creating a colloquial and stylistic pun. In the XIX century, the word conduit is almost out of use and is not recorded in dictionaries. However, the adjective derived from it conduit as an element of the composite term conduit list is fixed by dictionaries of the XIX century, and in some cases the narrow usage of the adjective is emphasized, with only one noun: "Conduit. Adjective from the French word conduite "behavior", used only with the word " list for meaning vedomosti about behavior "(Pocket dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language, published by N. Kirilov. SPb., 1845-1846. Issue 1). In the Russian-French dictionary of N. P. Makarov, the adjective conduit is filed as still used exclusively with the noun list and in the sixties of the XIX century: "Conduit, adj-list "(Makarov N. P. Complete Russian-French dictionary. St. Petersburg, 1867).

The four volume Academic Dictionary of 1847 recklessly gives the adjective conduit as free with in fact nere-

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The term conduit list is given as an illustration, while the word conduit is not marked: "Conduit, ay, oe, etc. Indicative of behavior. Conduit List " (Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian, compiled by the Second Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1847, vol. II). Probably, the incorrect tradition of an isolated interpretation of the adjective conduit "concerning behavior" dates back to the dictionary of 1847 (Gavkin N. Ya. Pocket Dictionary of Foreign Words. Kiev, 1903). An unfinished academic dictionary (1912), among illustrative quotations, provides interesting information: "Conduit lists on the behavior and abilities of officers were canceled in 1862 (Leer)." - with a blind reference to the military encyclopedic dictionary of G. A. Leer. However, the abolition of conduit lists did not affect the dictionaries of foreign words of the second half of the XIX century, which still explained only the term conduit list as relevant or related to the recent past: "Conduit list (from conduire and the last from Lat. conducere), fr. Notes on someone's behavior; formular list, formular" (Complete dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language, St. Petersburg, 1861); " Conduit list. This is the name of the lists of the military department on the behavior and abilities of all employees" (Dubrovsky N. Complete explanatory dictionary of all commonly used foreign words included in the Russian language ... Moscow, 1879).

The abolition of conduit lists in the military department in 1862 freed the compound name from strict terminological attachment, and it began to be used as a joke name in very distant spheres: "... cows are well-fed, thoroughbred; the barnyard is kept neat, each cow has its own conduit list..."(Saltykov-Shchedrin M. E. Trifles of life. Collected works: In 10 vols. Moscow, 1988, vol. 9).

As an expressive tool, the former term conduit list has become fixed in school practice as an element of the burshikozny style (See about this: Bulakhovsky L. A. Course of the Russian literary language. Kiev, 1952. Vol. 1) and at the end of the XIX century even penetrated into lexicography, and in an unusual combination with the word book.

In the first edition of the Desktop Encyclopedia, this new combination is even given: "The Conduit book, or conduit, in high schools, a notebook about the behavior of students" (Desktop Encyclopedia. Publication of the partnership of A. Granat and K. M., 1892. Vol. IV. In the famous 11th stereotypical edition, this phrase and the word conduit are no longer present). Here, in the explanatory part, the word conduit, which replaces the phrase, is of particular interest.

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In the more strict "Encyclopedia" of F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron, there is neither a new combination of conduit book, nor a new word conduit: "Conduit list - a list of behavior. In the military. in the department until 1862, this was the name of special lists compiled about the behavior and abilities of officers " (Encyclopedic Dictionary. Edited by F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron. St. Petersburg, 1895. Vol. XV a).

In the future, the Bursat usage of the combination conduit list / conduit book from high schools falls into other educational institutions: "Conduit list (fr.) in high schools and other secondary educational institutions, a notebook about the behavior of pupils" (The most complete publicly available word interpreter of 150,000 and an explainer of 450,000 foreign words included in the Russian language... Compiled by philologists Sokolov and Kremer, again processed and supplemented by the latest sources S. N. Alekseev. Moscow, 1899. Ed. 5).

Soon formed on the basis of the word combinations conduit list or conduit books and their replacement word-synonym conduit was entered by I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay as the title in the third edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of V. I. Dahl. The article Conduit List included instructions on the functioning of the word conduit together with the phrase in secondary educational institutions. Baudouin's additions are marked in square brackets: "[Conduit M.], conduit list, French. [conduite], a list with notes on the behavior [of students in secondary schools and on the behavior] and abilities of a military rank."

The interpretation of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay mixed up two different stages of using the expression. To the meaning of the combination conduit list "a list with notes on the behavior and abilities of a military rank" in V. I. Dahl, he added the usage characteristic of his time regarding the behavior of"students in secondary educational institutions". However, these two uses are separated by 1862, when the conduit lists in the military department were eliminated. The new word conduit was associated only with the burshikozny use of the phrase conduit list.

As a result of the appearance of the noun conduit from the combination conduit list, the adjective conduit began to be perceived as a derivative of the new noun that quickly became familiar: "Conduit, aya, oe. Related to the conduit. A conduit list is the same as a conduit. The District Board represents... established form and conduit lists of generals, staff and chief officers and officials. Mouth. Ways of Communication. 5, pr. 2-7" (Dictionary of the Russian language, compiled by the Second department of imp. Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1912, Vol. IV. Issue 6). But in reality, the opposite was true. The new noun conduit did not coincide in meaning with the old gallicism of the Russian language of the XVIII century

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conduit "behavior", from which the adjective was then formed. Baudouin de Courtenay's interpretation of the word conduit was not only mechanically introduced into the unfinished academic dictionary, but also influenced the dictionary edited by D. N. Ushakov: "Conduit, a, m [fr. conduite] (istor.). A list, journal, which noted the behavior, misdeeds of students or military employees. Enter it in Yandex. Metrica.

Conduit, s, oe (history). Adj. k konduit. K. zhurnal " (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, Moscow, 1935. Vol. I).

Attention is drawn to the combination of conduit magazine, which arose under the influence of the school penalty magazine "book for recording delinquent students" and (class) magazine "book in which marks are made about the success and behavior of students".

S. I. Ozhegov kept the obsolete word in his short dictionary along with the adjective: "Conduit, - a, M. (obsolete). A journal with records of misdemeanors of students or military personnel. Write to K (...) adj. conduit, -ay, - oe. K. list " (Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language, Moscow, 1952). In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, this word is also present, with the mark obsolete. Here the word conduit is contrasted with the original conduit list, although in school practice they were still synonymous: "Conduit, - a, m (obsolete). In Russia before the revolution, a journal with notes (where?) about the behavior and misdemeanors of students (for example, in religious educational institutions and cadet corps). Write in K. II adj. conduit, -ay, - oe. K. list (in the military department before 1862: information on the behavior and abilities of officers) " (Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, Moscow, 1992). Here only the connection of the conduit is indicated mainly with ecclesiastical educational institutions and cadet corps, although dictionaries of the late XIX century associate this word primarily with gymnasiums.

The information contained in the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia is also not entirely clear: "Conudit (from the French conduite - behavior) is a penal journal, a list in which students' misdeeds were recorded, their behavior was recorded. It was first introduced at the suggestion of the reactionary German government. In the middle of the 19th century, it was taught in German schools, and from there it spread to schools in other countries. In Tsarist Russia, k. it was especially widely used in ecclesiastical educational institutions and cadet corps", but in the third edition the information was corrected: "the penalty log, the list in which the misdeeds of students were recorded. Entered in ser. 19th century in German schools at the suggestion of I. F. Herbart. In Russia, it was used in gymnasiums, religious educational institutions and cadet corps" (BSE, 2nd ed. 1953, vol. 20; 3rd ed. 1973, vol. 13).

The modern lively joking use of the word conduit was reflected in the "Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language"; published by the Institute-

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volume of linguistic research of the Russian Academy of Sciences: "Conduit, - a, M. [from the French conduit - behavior]. In educational institutions of Russia before 1917: a list, a journal with notes on the behavior and misdemeanors of students. Enter it in Yandex. Mail / shutl. About a notebook or a large-format journal for keeping any records" (St. Petersburg, 1998).

"Dictionary of modern Russian literary language" is limited to revealing only one meaning without any connection with the older combination of conduit list, which is considered as a free speech to the adjective conduit, allegedly derived from the noun conduit (in the meaning of the late XIX century): "Conduit, - a, M. In the old school-list, a log where information about student behavior was recorded. He didn't tell them that he had ( ... ) a special book labeled "conduit", in which I was not too lazy to enter my notes about their behavior in the evenings. Serg. - Tsensk. Guns put forward" (Dictionary of modern Russian Literary Language, Moscow-L., 1956, vol. 5). No dictionary notes that the neoplasm of the end of the XIX century conduit had a reduced bursicose character. Inattention to this fact led the compilers of the seventeen-volume book to inadvertently include a barely correct illustrative quote from the novel " Guns Put Forward "(1944) by S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky (1875-1958), which most likely hints at the neutral nature of the word.

A paraphrase of the interpretation of the large academic Dictionary is an article in the 4-volume dictionary: "Conduit, - a: M. List, a journal with records of the behavior and misdemeanors of students in educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia. Enter in the conduit [from the French conduit-behavior]" (Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes, Moscow, 1958; 2nd ed., 1982).

Unconfirmed information from the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" about the existence of conduits in schools in Germany and other countries was transferred to the "Dictionaries of Foreign Words" of 1960-70. The traditional combination of both the original combination conduit list and the word conduit derived from it led to the fact that the latter began to be tied to certain and indefinite foreign countries, which was facilitated by the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (2nd and 3rd ed.).

"Dictionary of Foreign Words", compiled by the team of the State Institute "Soviet Encyclopedia" and served as the basis for a further series of similar Soviet publications, since 1937 gives the following meanings: "Conduit, conduit list-fr. [conduit behavior] - 1) a list in which the misdeeds of students were recorded in old schools; 2) electric, railway light stainless, iron pipes for protecting insulated train cables from mechanical damage" (Dictionary of Foreign Words, Moscow, 1937. Cf. also: 2nd ed. Moscow, 1941).

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Subsequently, the electrical and railway significance disappeared, and the place of origin of conduits was unreasonably connected with Germany.: "Conduit [<fr. conduit behavior] - a magazine that recorded the misdeeds of students (conduit list) ; it was introduced in the middle of the 19th century in Germany "(Dictionary of Foreign Words, Ed. 6, repr. Moscow, 1964).

Some time later, an equally strange distribution of conduits to some other countries followed, but with a time limit: "Conduit [<fr. conduite behavior] - a magazine in which students' misdeeds were recorded in educational institutions; it existed in a number of countries in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. " (Dictionary of Foreign Words 7th ed., reprint of Moscow, 1979).

Summing up the appearance of the already outdated word conduit "book for recording student misconduct", it should be emphasized once again that it appeared as a derivative of the adjective in the combination conduit list, replacing it. The adjective itself with the meaning "related to behavior" was formed from the noun conduit "behavior", which in the XIX century was almost not used: conduit "behavior" - > conduit list - > conduit "book for recording offenses".

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